专题新闻
一、“打榜”之路，理智前行
2020年7月，网信办开展“清朗”专项整治，整治涵盖7个方面，以打击、排除、整治网上不良的传播内容为主，整治网络恶意弹窗问题为辅，且此次活动首次提出严厉打击诱导未成年应援打榜的行为。
随着文化娱乐产业的发展，“饭圈”群体不断壮大，并成为娱乐产业链中的重要一环。为了推广自己的偶像和营造一定的热度，在娱乐公司的干预下，“饭圈”群体逐渐形成了“应援打榜，刷量控评”等一系列运营手段。从表面来看，与花费大量金钱的直接打赏相比较，打榜只需要花费部分时间和少量的金钱来购买相关的专辑，这种的行为称得上“理智追星”，对未成年人危害性并不高，但真实情况是这样的吗？
- 打榜的时间问题
由于榜单是每天不断更新，一些粉丝团体往往会利用凌晨时间进行刷榜。这对青少年的规律作息产生了消极影响。2018年7月韩国针对音源作弊问题，6大音源宣布取消“凌晨音源榜单”。其根本出发点就是避免粉丝恶意刷榜，打击音源造假现象，同时也减少了通宵刷榜现象。而国内青少年使用软件的防沉迷系统对使用时长的限制现阶段主要停留在视频与游戏软件上。除了在游戏软件上进行实名验证后会强制开启未成年防沉迷模式以外，其他如音乐，视频等相关软件的强制性并不高。作为“饭圈”群体的主阵地——微博，对青少年模式的开启也缺乏强制性措施。因此，未成年人若想花费大量的时间在刷榜上也并非难事。但毫无疑问的是，这种对于休息时间的消耗对未成年人的身心健康是有害的。
- 打榜的花费问题
打榜亦离不开金钱。随着近些年国内知识付费的兴起，付费歌曲的下载量，明星的周边订阅数，专辑购买量等形式都成为了打榜的一部分。这类商品的价格便宜，正好符合未成年粉丝的消费能力。但由于未成年人的心智尚未成熟，在“饭圈”资深“大粉”诱导下，容易一股脑地将所有零花钱都用于购买相关产品，以此来证明自己是偶像的“真爱”。
此外，一些平台在电商节日推出“借钱打榜”能够获得倍数点赞的促销活动，如2019年11月在“微博借钱”推出的“双十一网购势力榜”的活动中，若借钱金额大于或等于8000元的用户可获得8倍的点赞量，此类行为直接将榜位明码标价。由于青少年未树立起完善的消费观，即使相关平台明确表示不会向未成年开放小额借贷，但在高倍数点赞额的诱惑下，难以挡住青少年刷榜的热情。“借用父母账号，将钱发给‘饭圈’打粉集资打榜”等行为比比皆是。根据相关法律规定，即使未成年人作为限制民事行为能力人，所实施的行为需要法定代理人的同意或追认后才能发生效力，但未成年人依旧可以独立实施与其智力、精神状况相适应的民事法律行为。也就是说未成年人的消费金额只有到达明显不合理数额或其消费明显与其智力、精神状况不符合，才能主张退款。前文已述，用于打榜的商品价格便宜，如在音乐榜中，下载一首歌曲的价格只需2~3元，一张专辑的价格在几十元不等。即使购买数张，金额也不大。因此从法律上来看，这类购买行为并无不妥之处。
但倘若站在未成年人身心发展的角度来看，且不谈这些被重复购买的商品如何利用，这些将生活费用于打榜，为了多下载几首歌曲而少吃一顿饭，向同学朋友借钱打榜等等行为都谈不上是有益于青少年发展的行为。
对于未成年人在打榜金额上的限制，国内外并没有推出相关的干预机制。在这一方面，腾讯在对未成年人游戏充值方面的做法似乎走在了行业前列。借鉴腾讯对未成年人游戏充值的做法，平台采取人脸识别技术，对未成年的交易做出月额度限制，并且在大笔支出时进行人脸识别。“九层之台，起于累土”看上去不起眼十几元，日积月累之下也是一笔不小的金额。然而，由于未成年人每笔打榜支出金额小，相隔时间较长，申诉返款的流程繁琐复杂，故大多申诉并无实质性结果。
帮助未成年人树立起健康良好的价值观和消费观目标任重而道远，除了盼望“偶像”群体能够以身作则，为青少年树立更积极正面的榜样形象外，还需从法律和制度层面规范相关行业的运营，建立一套完整的监管救济机制，以达到“监管有方，投诉有道”的成效。
Hitting the Chart Asks for Rationality
In July 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China launched a special rectification of ‘Clean and Bright’, covering 7 areas, focusing on combating, eliminating and rectifying unhealthy Internet content, supplemented by rectifying malicious pop-ups on the Internet. For the first time, the event proposed to severely crack down on the behavior of inducing minors to assist in hitting the charts.
With the development of the cultural and entertainment industry, the scale of ‘fans group’ continues to grow and become an important part in the entertainment industry chain. In order to promote their idols and boost their popularity, under the intervention of entertainment companies, the ‘fans group’ has gradually formed a series of operating methods such as ‘assist in hitting the chart, boost popularity and control comments’. On the surface, compared with direct sponsor costing a large amount of money, hitting the charts takes less amount of time and money to buy albums. Thus, this seems ‘rational star chasing’ less harmful to minors, but is this the real situation?
- Time Consumption problem of hitting the chart
As the rankings are constantly updated every day, some fans groups will use the early morning hours to refresh the rankings. Such behaviors have a negative impact on the regular routine of young people. In July 2018, South Korea announced the freezing of the ‘Early Morning Audio Source Chart’ in response to the problem of cheating on audio sources. Its fundamental start point is to prevent fans from boosting popularity maliciously, cracking down on the phenomenon of audio fraud, and meanwhile reducing the occurrence of overnight hitting chart. In China, currently, the anti-addiction system for apps used by teenagers and the limitation on the length of use is mainly restricted to video and game software. On game software, the teenage anti-addiction mode will be forced to turn on after real-name verification, but music and video software is not that highly mandatory. Weibo, as the headquarter of “fans group”, also lacks compulsory measures to turn on the teenage mode. From this point of view, it is not difficult for minors to spend a lot of time on hitting the chart. Undoubtedly, this kind of time consumption is harmful to the physical and mental health of the underage.
2. Money Spending Problem of Hitting the Chart
Hitting the chart is inseparable from spending money. With the rise of knowledge payment in China recent years, the download volume of paid songs, the number of branded products subscriptions of stars, and the volume of album purchases have all become part of hitting the charts. The prices of these products are cheap, which exactly meets the spending capacity of underage fans. However, the minds of minors are immature. Under the guidance of “big fans” in the “fans group”, they can easily spend all their pocket money on related products to prove that they are in “true love” with their idols.
In addition, some platforms launched “Borrow to Hit the Chart” on e-commerce festivals which can gain multiple likes for idols. In November 2019, in the “Double Eleven Online Shopping Power List” campaign launched by “Weibo Borrow”, if the amount of borrowed money is no less than 8,000 yuan, the borrower can acquire 8 times the amount of likes for their idols. Such type of campaign directly marks the price of the idol’s ranking. Because teenagers have not established a sound consumption value, even if the relevant platforms clearly stated that they will not open micro-lending to minors, under the temptation of high multiples of likes, it is difficult to stop the enthusiasm of teenagers to do so. Behaviors such as borrowing parents accounts and sending money to “fans group” to raise funds for hitting the chart’ are here and there. According to relevant laws and regulations, even if a minor is a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, whose conduct performed requires the consent or ratification of the legal agent before taking effect, the minor can still independently perform civil legal acts compatible with his intelligence and mental status. That is to say, only a certain amount of underage consumption can be refunded according to law. As mentioned above, the prices of products used to hit the charts are cheap. For example, in the music charts, the price of downloading a song is only 2-3 yuan, and the price of an album ranges from tens of yuan. Even if one buy several copies, the amount is still not large. Thus, from a legal point of view, there is nothing wrong with this type of purchase.
But if we look at such buying behaviors from the view of physical and mental development of minors, let alone how to use these repeatedly purchased products, spending all living expenses on hitting the charts, eating less meals in order to download a few more songs, borrowing money from classmates and friends to hit the charts are not conducive to the all-round development of youngsters.
Regarding the restrictions on the amount of money minors spend on rankings, no relevant intervention mechanism has been introduced in China or abroad. In this regard, Tencent seems to be at the forefront of the practice regarding minors’ game charges. Drawing lessons from Tencent’s methods, the platform adopts facial recognition technology, imposes monthly limit on transactions of minors, and performs facial recognition when large expenditures are made. ‘Great oaks from little acorns grow.’ A dozen yuan seems inconspicuous, but it can reach an unexpected amount with the accumulation of time. However, since the amount of each expenditure is small and the time interval is long, the process of appealing the refund is cumbersome and complicated, and most appeals have no results.
To help minors establish healthy value and consumption view has a long way to go. In addition to hoping that ‘idols’ can lead a good example and establish a more positive role model for young people, it is also necessary to regulate relevant industries from the legal and institutional level, to establish a complete set of supervisory compensation mechanism to achieve the effect of ‘supervision and complaints both find their own ways’.
作者：付钰浈 编辑：丁心睿
翻译：贾少轩 资讯：黄心怡
0 中国网信网.关于开展2020“清朗”未成年人暑期网络环境专项整治的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/13/c_1596175859026231.htm,2020-07-24
1 音乐财经CMBN.韩国6大音源取消“凌晨音源榜单”[EB/OL].http://www.chinambn.com/show-5877.html,2020-07-24
2 华夏时报.微博借钱疑诱导粉丝借钱“打榜”？回应：这是没有想到的结果
[EB/OL].https://finance.ifeng.com/c/7rxzEtNcSGe,2020-07-24
3 Cyberspace Administration of China. The announcement of launching the 2020‘Clear and Bright’underage summer internet environment special rectification operation [EB/OL].http://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-07/13/c_1596175859026231.htm,2020-07-24.
4 China Music Business. The six major Korean music source canceled ‘Early Morning Music Source Chart Charts’[EB/OL]. http://www.chinambn.com/show-5877.html,2020-07-24
5 China Times. Weibo borrow is suspected to induce fans borrow money to ‘hit charts’? Response: Unexpected.[EB/OL].https://finance.ifeng.com/c/7rxzEtNcSGe, 2020-07-24
二、“熊孩子”打赏花光父母积蓄，谁之过？
为何平时温顺听话的“乖孩子”转眼变成了出手阔绰的网红金主？许多家长怎么也想不明白。2017年开始，从事服装生意的市民陈女士留意到年仅11岁的女儿，平日明理懂事且还在学校担任班长，最近却频繁在美拍直播平台用自己的账号充值打赏了7万多元。而今年年初，来自宜良的肖女士的住院钱也被孩子在网络平台打赏殆尽。与此同时，天津市第三中级人民法院也在7月审理了一起未成年人通过网络直播平台打赏了近160万元，从而引发的合同纠纷案件。最终三起纠纷案均以网络平台偿还消费额而告终。
近年来，随着移动互联网与直播经济的发展，业余时间刷刷手机端视频与观看网络直播已成为了很多人休闲放松的方式之一。在休闲放松的同时我们也可以看到时不时会有出手阔气的观众动辄打赏数百上千元，然而如果这位看似出手阔气的打赏者还仅仅是一名年少无知的孩子，这一切还会如此顺其自然吗？频繁出现的未成年人在网络虚拟平台大额消费的争议，虽然大部分处理结果都是平台向其家长偿还消费额，并且最高法明确规定了“限制民事行为能力人未经其监护人同意，参与网络付费游戏或者网络直播平台‘打赏’等方式支出与其年龄、智力不相适应的款项，监护人请求网络服务提供者返还该款项的，人民法院应予支持”。但是我们也应该去思考在此类争议事件屡屡频发的当下，应如何避免此类矛盾的产生。
可以看到的是，此类争议事件主要涉及“大额消费”和“沉迷网络”两个问题。针对大额消费问题，在立法明确的前提下，政府层面也应当加大监管力度，各大网络平台应当提高验证标准与支付权限，必要时可以设立多重验证机制，切实防止未成年人深陷大额消费。同时社区与学校应当加大宣传力度，如社区层面可以针对家长开展各类的预防教育类的活动，并且提供相应的法律咨询服务，让家长重视自己的财产管理，同时要让家长重视子女的价值观教育与金钱观教育。学校层面也可以针对学生开展相应的主题活动，让学生明白自己花费的钱是怎么来的，消费一定要力所能及，以树立健康的金钱观与消费观。在家庭层面，应当提倡家长合理管理自己的财产，并加强对手机、平板电脑等电子设备的管理。
沉迷网络问题可以说是新时期困扰众多家长的常见问题，一方面需要各网络平台提高真人验证标准，防止未成年人陷入长时间的沉迷网络；另一方面是需要来自家庭、学校、社区的保障与协助。很多沉迷于网络的孩童都面临着父母陪伴的缺失，所以在家庭层面需要家长对孩子多一些陪伴，并且积极带领孩子探索不同的兴趣爱好。学校层面也应当在部分课程中注重各种兴趣小组的建设，以培养更积极健康的课外兴趣。社区层面也应当注重建设针对孩童的课外活动场合，这不仅有利于减轻网络沉迷问题，也有利于孩子可以深入到同龄群体中玩耍，有利于孩子的身心健康和全面发展。
在生活中我们可以看到，曾经“蓝天下打滚、草地中奔跑”的孩子似乎越来越少，更多孩子在移动互联网浪潮中的娱乐也需要面对更多的诱惑，这种诱惑如果不加以约束任其肆意扩散，财产损失也只是其表，更深层的损失便是影响孩子的健康成长。最后希望相关部门、网络平台、社区学校与家长可以重视孩子的综合发展，让年轻矫健的身姿与明亮欢乐的笑声重现阳光下。
Ignorant Children Consume Family Savings for Online Gratuity – Whose Fault is This?
The question of why sweet and obedient children in daily life has become blind consumers at online virtual platform has troubled many parents. In 2017, Ms. Chen, who is engaged in clothing business, paid attention to the abnormal performance of her child. Ms. Chen’s daughter is only 11 years old. She is obedient and sensible in school, and serves as class monitor. However, recently, she frequently rewards online anchor with her mother’s account on the Meipai app, which is more than 70,000 yuan. At the beginning of this year, the hospitalization expenses of Ms. Xiao from Yiliang were also all spent by her child on network platform. At the same time, the third intermediate people’s Court of Tianjin tried a case in July in which minors spent about 1.6 million yuan through live network platform for rewarding. In the end, these three cases ended with the repayment of consumption amount by the network platform.
In recent years, with the development of the Internet and live broadcasting industry, watching live videos with mobile phones in spare time has become one of the ways for many people to relax. At the same time of leisure and relaxation, people can see that some rich audience often spend hundreds or thousands of money as tips. However, if the seemingly rich giver is just a child, the rationality of this reward behavior is questionable. In a large number of disclosed incidents where minors spend a large amount of money on the virtual network platform, most of the results are that the platforms repay the consumption amount to the minors’ parents. Moreover, the Supreme Court have also clearly promulgated that when minors participate in online paid games or live broadcast platform consumption without the consent of their guardians, the guardians have the right to ask the network platform to return the money when minors spend money that is incompatible with their age and intelligence. However, the public should think about the reasons for the frequent occurrence of such case and how to avoid.
It can be concluded that such incidents mainly involve two problems: ‘irrational consumption’ and ‘Internet addiction’. Regarding the problem of large consumption, under clear legislation, the government should strengthen the supervision. Moreover, major network platforms should improve the verification standards and the payment authority. If necessary, multiple verification mechanism can be set up to effectively prevent minors from spending large amounts of money. At the same time, the community and school should strengthen publicity. For example, at the community level, various preventive educational activities should be carried out for parents, and corresponding legal advisory services should be provided. Parents need to pay attention to own property management and the education of children’s values of money. Schools should also carry out theme activities for students, and establish their healthy opinion on money and consumption, so that they can understand that the money they spend is not easily available and the consumption must be reasonable. In daily life, parents should reasonably manage their own property and increase the management of mobile phones or other electronic equipment.
The problem of Internet addiction is the main problem that bothers many parents at present. On the one hand, the network platform needs to improve the real person verification standard to prevent minors from being addicted to the Internet for a long time. On the other hand, it needs the protection and assistance from families, schools and communities. Many children addicted to the Internet are facing the problem of lack of parents’ company. Therefore, it is an effective way for parents to spend more time with their children and actively lead their children to explore different interests and hobbies. Schools should pay attention to the construction of various interest groups to help children develop positive and healthy interests. The community should build extra-curricular activities for children, which is not only conducive to reducing the problem of Internet addiction, but is also conducive to the integration of children into their peers, which is helpful to their physical and mental health and comprehensive development.
In daily life, people can find that there are fewer and fewer children who love outdoor activities and are close to nature. There are more and more temptations for children to face in the process of online entertainment. If this is not restrained, the loss of family property is only the most superficial damage. The deeper loss would the damage to the healthy growth of children. Finally, it is hoped that relevant departments, network platforms, communities, schools and families can attach importance to the comprehensive development of children, so that the energetic figure and happy laughter can reappear in sunlight.
作者：黄仁秀迪 编辑：丁心睿
翻译：丁琦 资讯：程 鑫
0 中国新闻网.小学生7万多元打赏主播,最高一天刷走3个“1888”.http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2018/08-02/8586752.shtml,2020-7-24
1云南广电都市频道.九岁孩子玩快手礼物,花光父母半年积蓄. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/iUTBg1vj6dgcZ4mObbnyHw,2020-7-24
2 云南广电都市频道.未成年人打赏主播近160万元,涉案公司全部返还.http://www.xinhuanet.com/legal/2020-07/16/c_1126247615.htm,2020-7-24
3 Chinanews.com. Primary school students spend more than 70000 yuan to reward online anchor. The most daily consumption is 1888 yuan, up to three times. http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2018/08-02/8586752.shtml,2020-7-24
4 www.yntv.cn. Nine years old children spend half year’s saving on Kwai app. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/iUTBg1vj6dgcZ4mObbnyHw,2020-7-24
5 www.yntv.cn. Nearly 1.6 million yuan was awarded to the anchor by minors, the company involved returned all the money. http://www.xinhuanet.com/legal/2020-07/16/c_1126247615.htm,2020-7-24
三、未成年人盲目追星、打赏主播、沉迷游戏引发的消费充值问题评论
年初以来，在各大社区论坛出现部分明星的未成年粉丝追星不理智的现象，引发各家粉丝数起骂战事件，网络环境一度陷入污浊状态。此次事件也促使微博平台进行自身整改，积极响应国家网信办关于开展 2020“清朗”未成年人暑期网络环境专项整治的重点治理方面。
2020年7月18日，微博管理员社区公告，称将重点整治诱导未成年人无底线追星、饭圈互撕等行为。因未能有效引导和应对各类粉丝群体，出现了一系列扰乱网络传播秩序的现象，造成了不良的社会影响，而这也在未成年人价值观保护上给我们敲响了警钟。
微博针对涉及明星话题中的互撕谩骂、人身攻击以及刷榜单、蹭热搜的行为进行处置和公示，梳理并公示防止刷量控评的规则和措施；处置公示“饭圈”职业黑粉、恶意营销等违法违规账号。继续与主要明星经纪公司展开谈话，明确经纪公司的相关责任，加强合作共同治理。近期还将对“宣扬仇恨”的行为进行清晰界定，并纳入社区规则当中，并展开常态治理。
同时，微博认为有影响力的公众人物和明星应对粉丝行为承担引导和约束的义务，建议明星工
作团队应加强对粉丝群体的正面引导和约束能力。而在此之前，明星给职业黑粉发律师函的公告、热搜已见怪不怪，但为何大多数人依旧不引以为戒，反倒乐在其中？相关涉及的明星曾发表“希望所有人把学业、工作、生活，都放在追星前面”的劝告，但骂战热度却只增不降，“不需要应援”的说法在一部分人的错误解读下引起又一波打榜和消费。即便有引导的言论或劝告，有多少人是真正接受的呢？暂且不论网友是否为粉丝，成年人在网络的复杂大环境下尚且难以分辨是非，何况网络上的咨讯往往众说纷纭、难辨真假，缺乏判断能力和社会经验的未成年人曝露在此环境下，实属处于劣势中的劣势。口头的规劝的有效性显然不如法律法规，而这仍需要社会各界尤其是立法、执法机构的共同努力。
碍于网络管理的不到位，实名制上网目前仍未普及，未成年人能够轻易地流连于微博、贴吧论坛、lofter等各大信息的平台。这类平台数量众多，信息来源五花八门，信息质量参差不齐，对于心智尚未成熟的未成年人来说，身处追星热潮或言论中，更容易被诱导和驱从，不良价值导向的信息和行为由此也层出不穷。保障未成年人健康成长，是社会的共同心愿，引导未成年人树立正确的价值观，也是全社会的共同责任。
不只是国内，邻国越南也在积极应对来自未成年人网络安全方面的挑战，越南政府正着手准备相关法律法规的出台。越南国民议会监督会议期间，许多省市议员要求政府制定长期计划战略，以保护网络空间中的青少年，加强国际合作和保护青少年。在网络环境下，中央机构专门负责管理与网络环境中青少年安全有关的问题，以协调各部委并促进政府机构之间的合作政府和私营部门，以提高互联网上的青少年安全。
互联网世界里，诸多大型社交网络鱼龙混杂，未成年人涉足网络空间亟需社会的正确引导。2020“清朗”未成年人暑期网络环境专项整治和越南国会讨论的保护青少年上网安全议题均为维护自己国家的网络交流社区和网络秩序做出积极的尝试，全力营造良好的网络环境。伴随相关法律法规的出台，未成年人使用互联网时就有了制度保障。除此以外，全社会的共同监管是让不良网络行为无处遁形的利器，而这，需要每一个你我的共同努力。
Star pursuing of Underage Fans Need the Guide Light of Law
Since early 2020, major communities and forums have seen several irrational ‘pursuing star’ behaviors from some idols’ underage fans, which triggered harsh fights among them and dragged the online environment into chaos. The incidents have also urged the Weibo platform to carry out its own rectification, and actively responded to the key governance aspects of the National Cyberspace Administration of China regarding the implementation of the 2020 “Clean and Bright” minor summer network environment special rectification.
On July 18, 2020, the Weibo administrator community announced that it will give priority to rectification on inducing minors to pursue stars without a bottom line and fans group conflicts. Due to the failure to effectively guide and respond to various fans groups, a series of phenomena have appeared that disrupted the order of online communication, which has caused negative social impacts, and this has also sounded the alarm for us in the protection of underage children’s values.
To deal with the problem of mutual verbal abuse, personal assaults, faking ranking lists and hot searches on topics which involve celebrities, Weibo punishes
and publicizes such behaviors, sorts out and publicizes rules and measures to prevent comment control and data faking; disposes of publicity ‘fans group’ occupational anti-fans, malicious marketing and other illegal accounts. In addition, continues to talk with major star talent agencies, clarifies the relative responsibilities of agencies, and strengthens cooperation and common governance. In the near future, the behavior of “promoting hatred” will be clearly defined, incorporated into community rules, and normal governance will be launched.
At the meantime, Weibo believes that influential public figures and stars should take responsibility for guiding and restraining fan behaviors. It is recommended that the stars’ work team should strengthen the ability to positively guide and restrain the fan community. Before this, it is no longer surprising to find hot searching or announcements about celebrities sent lawyer letters to occupational anti-fans, but why are most people still not learning their lessons, instead having fun from it? One involved celebrity once issued an advice that “I hope everyone will put their studies, work, and life ahead of pursuing stars”, but the enthusiasm for cursing has only increased, and the saying “does not need support” which is misinterpreted by some people has caused another wave of hitting ranks and consuming. Even if there are guiding remarks or advice, how many people really accept it? Regardless of whether a netizen is a fan or not, it is yet still difficult even for adults to distinguish right from wrong in the complex network environment. Moreover, with online information being so often divergent and difficult to distinguish between true and false, making minors who lack judgment and social experience exposed to this environment is one of the top disadvantages. The effectiveness of oral remonstration is clearly not as effective as laws and regulations, and this still requires the joint efforts of all sectors of society, especially legislative and law enforcement agencies.
Due to the inadequacy of network management, real-name access to the Internet is still not implemented, and minors can easily linger on Weibo, Tieba forums, lofter and other major information platforms. There are a large number of such platforms, various information sources, and the quality of information is uneven. For minors who are not mature enough, they are more likely to be induced and driven by the enthusiasm or speech of star pursuing, and bad value-oriented information and behavior from this are therefore endless. Ensuring the healthy growth of minors is the common aspiration of the society, and guiding the underage to establish right values is also the common responsibility of the whole society.
Not only China, but our neighbor Vietnam is also actively responding to challenges from minors’ cybersecurity. The Vietnamese government is setting about the promulgation of relevant laws and regulations. During the supervision meeting of the National Assembly of Vietnam, many provincial and municipal deputies asked the government to formulate long-term planning strategies to protect youth in cyberspace, strengthen international cooperation and protect youth. In the online environment, the central institution is specifically responsible for managing issues related to the safety of the young in the online environment to coordinate various ministries and promote cooperation between government agencies and the private sector to improve the safety of teenagers on the internet.
In the online world, many major social networks are complicated, and minors’ involvement in cyberspace urgently needs correct guidance from society. The special rectification of the Internet environment for minors in the summer 2020 “Clean and Bright” and the topic of protecting youth online safety discussed by the Vietnamese National Assembly are both active attempts to maintain the domestic online communication community and online order, to fully create a good online environment. With the promulgation of relevant laws and regulations, there will be institutional guarantees for minors to access the Internet. Besides, the common supervision of the whole society is a weapon to make bad network behaviors nowhere to hide, and this requires the joint efforts of everyone.
作者：陈可欣 编辑：丁心睿 翻译：贾少轩 资讯：曹 玲
1.IT之家.微博:重点整治诱导未成年人无底线追星、饭圈互撕等行为[EB/OL].https://www.ithome.com/0/498/518.htm,2020-07-23
2.IT之家.就粉丝引导管理相关问题，微博与肖战工作室进行谈话[EB/OL].https://www.ithome.com/0/497/631.htm,2020-07-23
3.Báo lao động xã hội Việt Nam(越南社会劳动报).Bảo vệ trẻ em trên môi trường mạng(保护互联网上的未成年人)[EB/OL].http://laodongxahoi.net/bao-ve-tre-em-tren-moi-truong-mang-1315685.html,2020-07-23
焦点热评
四、简评饭圈文化外衣下的未成年人网络环境治理问题
近几年来，随着娱乐业的不断发展，抖音短视频等社交媒体的兴起，有关无底线追星、“饭圈”互撕、拜金炫富的负面消息也不断涌现，随着“饭圈”日益低龄化，追星过程中的许多混乱状况，如应援打榜、刷量控评、投掷千金、团体对峙、互撕谩骂、人肉搜索等等，早已令“饭圈”成为负面的代名词。
越来越多还未形成完整价值观念的未成年人不惜为偶像交智商税，日常的打榜、控评、刷热度等操作，不仅让自己和家庭陷入财务困境，还对同龄群体的“三观”产生了严重误导。
据媒体报道，刚刚落幕的一档网络真人秀节目，前15名选手的忠实粉丝花费约4800万元购买酸奶用于投票，另一名因这类节目而出道的选手，在比赛期间，粉丝后援会产生超过1530万元的支出。
这类盲目追星的行为，已经蔓延到网络和生活的每一个角落，粉丝为维护偶像名誉，轻则辱骂诽谤，重则人肉搜索，甚至侵犯人权，产生违法犯罪的行为。
2018年，知名耽美作者墨香铜臭的一位初中生粉丝，在网上曝出其老师发表过对耽美小说《魔道祖师》的不满言论，在书粉们的人肉搜索和人身攻击下，这位老师自杀未遂，此后，书粉们甚至开始人肉搜索其就诊医院，直到网警介入，这场残忍的闹剧才被叫停。
此类的案件比比皆是，酿成的后果往往触目惊心。
联合国儿童基金会指出，网络欺凌的伤害严重而深远。这是因为它可以在网上迅速而广泛地传播，且对于所有涉及其中的人而言，这些伤害性的信息都难以真正彻底删除。与线下欺凌不同，网络欺凌可能随时随地跟随着遭受欺凌者，让他们长期被笼罩在焦虑的阴影中。
与其他学生相比，遭受网络欺凌的学生更有可能逃学，他们的学业表现也更可能会下降，自信更低，还可能面临更多健康问题。在一些极端情况下，网络欺凌甚至导致自杀。
对此，从2020年7月9日起，国家网信办启动了为期2个月的“清朗”未成年人暑期网络环境专项整治。本次专项整治行动将围绕七方面突出问题，深入清理有害信息，处置违法违规网站账号，查办曝光典型案例，推动网络生态持续向好，切实保障未成年人权益不受侵害，给孩子们的暑假网络生活“保驾护航”。
其中，该专项整治第六条规定：重点整治诱导未成年人无底线追星、饭圈互撕等价值导向不良的
信息和行为。严厉打击诱导未成年人在社交平台、音视频平台的热搜榜、排行榜、推荐位等重点区域应援打榜、刷量控评、大额消费等行为。大力整治明星话题、热门帖文的互动评论环节煽动挑拨青少年粉丝群体对立、互撕谩骂、人肉搜索等行为。严格清查处置“饭圈”职业黑粉、恶意营销等违法违规账号。深入清理宣扬攀比炫富、奢靡享乐等不良价值观的信息。
笔者认为，出台的相关规定固然能够对饭圈行为以及网络公民进行一定程度的约束，但更必要的是付诸肉眼可见的行动，此处的“行动”并不指是一味的打压和制止，而是要在思想道德层面对未成年人做出正向积极的引导。
青春期的未成年人处于一种身份认同和角色混乱的时期，他们对自己的定义是学生以及家长的孩子，单一的身份角色以及枯燥的生活模式，会让他们产生探索和涉猎其它领域的好奇心，许多青少年在工作之外发展出一些兴趣爱好来分担压力，而追星就是其中之一。但是孩子固然只是孩子，他们接触到的信息面狭窄，且不一定具备理性客观的认知观，久而久之，他们陷入了“信息茧房”的模式，这些年纪尚小的粉丝每天都会接触到看起来无边无际的资讯，但事实上，他们却被困在只能容纳偶像赞誉的孤岛上，难以接受任何不同的资讯。这样做不但会导致个体的狭隘，失去个人的判断力，以及对现实环境的错误认识，还可能导致观念的偏激和网络群体的对立与冲突。
所以，我们在青少年追星的过程中，要引领孩子认识大局，尊重他们的兴趣，并且进行正向的引导。凡事都会有两面性，“饭圈”亦如是，“饭圈”群体的动员能力、组织能力极强，尤其在一些公共事件中，在涉及国家利益等核心问题上，能迅速呈现出极大的凝聚力和团结力，如果能被加以正面引导，可以释放出难以想象的正能量。
所以，我们应当充分发挥偶像在青少年成长过程中自我认知和提升的作用，引导青少年完善自我人格，鼓励青少年学习偶像具备的技能。同时，还要引导孩子尊重差异，不盲目跟风。让孩子明白：即使是在看书方面，一千个读者都有一千个哈姆雷特，在追星方面亦如是，每个人都有自己的审美观，不能因为别人和自己对偶像的看法不同，就在网络上进行谩骂和攻击。面对恶意攻击的人，更需理智对待，以理服人。如果对方是一个蛮横不讲理的人，便不予争辩，不放在心上便是。
还需要让孩子将这一点牢记在心：网络并不是法外之地，更不是随意倾泻垃圾情绪的场所，不管是在正常生活中还是在网络中，每个人都会对自己做过的事情承担责任。
最后，我们也需要明白，网络儿童保护应是多方共同承担的责任。照料人、家长、学校、政府、执法部门、民间团体和私营部门之间的合作至关重要。所有相关人员，都要向着给孩子创建文明、和谐、健康、积极的网络环境的方向努力。因为孩子的所作所为，一定程度受到周边环境的影响，如果它处在不守规矩、在网络上任意宣泄谩骂的环境中，耳濡目染，他也将潜移默化成一个网络上不受规矩的网民，不管是网络上的施暴者还是受害者，他都终将被网络漩涡吞噬。净化网络环境，为孩子们的成长保驾护航，理应刻不容缓。
A Brief Comment on the Governance of Minors’ Network Environment under the Background of Fandom Culture
In recent years, with the continuous development of the entertainment industry and the rise of social media such as TikTok, negative news about bottomless star chasing, mutual tearing in fandom, worshiping money and flaunting wealth has continued to emerge. Along with the younger age trend of the fandom, many chaotic conditions emerge in the process of chasing stars, such as hitting the chart, occupying the comment section, spending too much money, group confrontation, mutual verbal abuse, human-powered search, etc. These have long made “fandom” a negative word.
More and more minors who have not yet formed a complete value concept don’t care to pay IQ taxes for their idols. Their daily operations such as hitting, controlling comment and reviewing popularity have not only caused themselves and their families in financial distress, but also seriously misled the value system of their peers.
According to media reports, in a recently ended internet reality show, the loyal fans of the top 15 players spent about 48 million yuan to buy yogurt for voting. Another star who made her debut through this type of show was supported by fans during the game. Supporting her cost her fans 15.3 million yuan in expenditure.
This kind of blind star-chasing behavior has spread to every corner of the Internet and life. In order to protect the reputation of idols, fans can abuse and slander, start to human-powered search, and even violate human rights, resulting in illegal and criminal behaviors.
In 2018, a junior high school fan of the well-known Tanbi author Mo Xiangtongxiu revealed on the Internet that his or her teacher had expressed dissatisfaction about Tanbi’s novel “The Great Master”. Under the human-powered search and personal attacks from the book fans, this teacher attempted suicide. After that, book fans even began to search the hospital where the teacher were treated. It was not until the cyber police intervened that the cruel farce was stopped.
Such cases abound, and the consequences are often shocking.
UNICEF pointed out that the harm of cyberbullying is serious and far-reaching. This is because it can spread quickly and widely on the Internet, and for all those involved, it is difficult to completely delete this harmful information. Unlike offline bullying, cyberbullying may follow the bullied person anytime and anywhere, leaving them in the shadow of anxiety for a long time.
Compared with other students, students who are cyberbullied are more likely to skip school, and their academic performance is more likely to decline. Their self-confidence would be lower, and they may also face more health problems. In some extreme cases, cyberbullying can even lead to suicide.
In this regard, starting from July 9, 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China launched a two-month special rectification of the summer network environment for minors, which is named Qing Lang. The special rectification action will focus on seven outstanding issues. It will profoundly clean up harmful information, and take care of illegal website account. It will investigate and expose typical cases, help the ecological network continue to improve, and effectively protect the interests of minors from abuse, so as to “escort” children’s summer online life. Among them, Article 6 of the special rectification stipulates that, focus on rectifying misleading information and behaviors that induce minors to chase stars without a bottom line and tear mutually in fandom; severely crack down on the behaviors of inducing minors to assist in hitting, controlling comments and making large-scale consumption in key areas such as social platforms, trending lists, ranking lists, and recommendation positions of audio and video platforms; vigorously rectify the celebrity topic, the interactive comment link of popular posts incited to instigate the young fan groups to antagonize, verbally abuse each other, and start human-powered search; strictly check and deal with illegal accounts such as professional fans and malicious marketing; thoroughly clean up information that promotes unhealthy values such as comparisons, showing off wealth, extravagant pleasure, and so on.
As the author, I believe that the relevant regulations issued can certainly restrict the behavior of fans and netizens to a certain extent. However, what is more necessary is the action visible to the naked eye. Action here is not only suppressing or stopping, but to give positive guidance to minors on the ideological and moral level.
People in adolescence are in a period of position identity and role confusion. They define themselves as students and children of their parents. This single and dull identity as well as the boring life patterns will make them curious to explore and dabble in other fields. Many teenagers develop hobbies outside of work to reduce the pressure, star chasing being one of them. However, children are only children. The information they are exposed to is narrow, and they do not necessarily have a rational and objective view of cognition. Over time, they fall into the mode of “information cocoon room”. These young fans will be exposed to boundless information, but in fact, they are trapped on an isolated island that can only accommodate the praise of idols, and it is difficult to receive any different information. Doing so will not only lead to individual narrowness, loss of personal judgment, and misunderstanding of the real environment, but may also lead to extreme concepts and opposition and conflicts between online groups.
Therefore, in the process of minors chasing stars, we must lead them to understand the overall situation, respect their interests, and conduct positive guidance. Everything has two sides, the same is true for fandom. The fandom has very strong mobilization and organization capabilities. Especially in some public events, it can quickly show great cohesion on core issues such as national interests. With positive guidance, it can release unimaginable positive energy.
Therefore, we should give full play to the role of idols in self-recognition and improvement in the growth of young people, guide young people to improve their personalities, and encourage young people to learn the skills of idols. At the same time, we must guide children to respect differences and not blindly follow suit. Let the children understand: Even in the aspect of reading, a thousand readers have a thousand Hamlet, and the same is true in the aspect of star chasing. Everyone has their own aesthetics. You can’t just use the Internet because others have different opinions on idols. Verbally and attacked. Faced with malicious attacks, people need to be treated rationally and convince others with reason. If the other party is a arrogant and unreasonable person, don’t argue, just don’t take it to heart.
Children also need to keep this in mind: the Internet is not a place outside the law, let alone a place to dump garbage and emotions at will. Whether in normal life or on the Internet, everyone will take responsibility for what they have done.
Finally, we need to understand that online child protection should be the responsibility of multiple parties. Cooperation among caregivers, parents, schools, government, law enforcement, civil society and the private sector is essential. All relevant personnel must work towards creating a civilized, harmonious, healthy and positive network environment for children. Because what a child does is affected by the surrounding environment to a certain extent, if he is in an environment where there is no rules and unruly and freely venting abuse on the Internet is permissible, he will also be subtly transformed into an unruly netizen. Regardless of whether he is the perpetrator or the victim on the Internet, he will eventually be swallowed by the Internet whirlpool. Purifying the network environment and escorting the growth of children should be urgent.
作者：刘雅静 编辑：招嘉艺 翻译：张研之
1.https://www.unicef.cn/child-online-protection/what-is-cyberbullying
2.http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0716/c223228-31786312.html
五、未成年人追星需要法律的引路灯
年初以来，在各大社区论坛出现部分明星的未成年粉丝追星不理智的现象，引发各家粉丝数起骂战事件，网络环境一度陷入污浊状态。此次事件也促使微博平台进行自身整改，积极响应国家网信办关于开展 2020“清朗”未成年人暑期网络环境专项整治的重点治理方面。
2020年7月18日，微博管理员社区公告，称将重点整治诱导未成年人无底线追星、饭圈互撕等行为。因未能有效引导和应对各类粉丝群体，出现了一系列扰乱网络传播秩序的现象，造成了不良的社会影响，而这也在未成年人价值观保护上给我们敲响了警钟。
微博针对涉及明星话题中的互撕谩骂、人身攻击以及刷榜单、蹭热搜的行为进行处置和公示，梳理并公示防止刷量控评的规则和措施；处置公示“饭圈”职业黑粉、恶意营销等违法违规账号。继续与主要明星经纪公司展开谈话，明确经纪公司的相关责任，加强合作共同治理。近期还将对“宣扬仇恨”的行为进行清晰界定，并纳入社区规则当中，并展开常态治理。
同时，微博认为有影响力的公众人物和明星应对粉丝行为承担引导和约束的义务，建议明星工
作团队应加强对粉丝群体的正面引导和约束能力。而在此之前，明星给职业黑粉发律师函的公告、热搜已见怪不怪，但为何大多数人依旧不引以为戒，反倒乐在其中？相关涉及的明星曾发表“希望所有人把学业、工作、生活，都放在追星前面”的劝告，但骂战热度却只增不降，“不需要应援”的说法在一部分人的错误解读下引起又一波打榜和消费。即便有引导的言论或劝告，有多少人是真正接受的呢？暂且不论网友是否为粉丝，成年人在网络的复杂大环境下尚且难以分辨是非，何况网络上的咨讯往往众说纷纭、难辨真假，缺乏判断能力和社会经验的未成年人曝露在此环境下，实属处于劣势中的劣势。口头的规劝的有效性显然不如法律法规，而这仍需要社会各界尤其是立法、执法机构的共同努力。
碍于网络管理的不到位，实名制上网目前仍未普及，未成年人能够轻易地流连于微博、贴吧论坛、lofter等各大信息的平台。这类平台数量众多，信息来源五花八门，信息质量参差不齐，对于心智尚未成熟的未成年人来说，身处追星热潮或言论中，更容易被诱导和驱从，不良价值导向的信息和行为由此也层出不穷。保障未成年人健康成长，是社会的共同心愿，引导未成年人树立正确的价值观，也是全社会的共同责任。
不只是国内，邻国越南也在积极应对来自未成年人网络安全方面的挑战，越南政府正着手准备相关法律法规的出台。越南国民议会监督会议期间，许多省市议员要求政府制定长期计划战略，以保护网络空间中的青少年，加强国际合作和保护青少年。在网络环境下，中央机构专门负责管理与网络环境中青少年安全有关的问题，以协调各部委并促进政府机构之间的合作政府和私营部门，以提高互联网上的青少年安全。
互联网世界里，诸多大型社交网络鱼龙混杂，未成年人涉足网络空间亟需社会的正确引导。2020“清朗”未成年人暑期网络环境专项整治和越南国会讨论的保护青少年上网安全议题均为维护自己国家的网络交流社区和网络秩序做出积极的尝试，全力营造良好的网络环境。伴随相关法律法规的出台，未成年人使用互联网时就有了制度保障。除此以外，全社会的共同监管是让不良网络行为无处遁形的利器，而这，需要每一个你我的共同努力。
Star pursuing of Underage Fans Need the Guide Light of Law
Since early 2020, major communities and forums have seen several irrational ‘pursuing star’ behaviors from some idols’ underage fans, which triggered harsh fights among them and dragged the online environment into chaos. The incidents have also urged the Weibo platform to carry out its own rectification, and actively responded to the key governance aspects of the National Cyberspace Administration of China regarding the implementation of the 2020 “Clean and Bright” minor summer network environment special rectification.
On July 18, 2020, the Weibo administrator community announced that it will give priority to rectification on inducing minors to pursue stars without a bottom line and fans group conflicts. Due to the failure to effectively guide and respond to various fans groups, a series of phenomena have appeared that disrupted the order of online communication, which has caused negative social impacts, and this has also sounded the alarm for us in the protection of underage children’s values.
To deal with the problem of mutual verbal abuse, personal assaults, faking ranking lists and hot searches on topics which involve celebrities, Weibo punishes
and publicizes such behaviors, sorts out and publicizes rules and measures to prevent comment control and data faking; disposes of publicity ‘fans group’ occupational anti-fans, malicious marketing and other illegal accounts. In addition, continues to talk with major star talent agencies, clarifies the relative responsibilities of agencies, and strengthens cooperation and common governance. In the near future, the behavior of “promoting hatred” will be clearly defined, incorporated into community rules, and normal governance will be launched.
At the meantime, Weibo believes that influential public figures and stars should take responsibility for guiding and restraining fan behaviors. It is recommended that the stars’ work team should strengthen the ability to positively guide and restrain the fan community. Before this, it is no longer surprising to find hot searching or announcements about celebrities sent lawyer letters to occupational anti-fans, but why are most people still not learning their lessons, instead having fun from it? One involved celebrity once issued an advice that “I hope everyone will put their studies, work, and life ahead of pursuing stars”, but the enthusiasm for cursing has only increased, and the saying “does not need support” which is misinterpreted by some people has caused another wave of hitting ranks and consuming. Even if there are guiding remarks or advice, how many people really accept it? Regardless of whether a netizen is a fan or not, it is yet still difficult even for adults to distinguish right from wrong in the complex network environment. Moreover, with online information being so often divergent and difficult to distinguish between true and false, making minors who lack judgment and social experience exposed to this environment is one of the top disadvantages. The effectiveness of oral remonstration is clearly not as effective as laws and regulations, and this still requires the joint efforts of all sectors of society, especially legislative and law enforcement agencies.
Due to the inadequacy of network management, real-name access to the Internet is still not implemented, and minors can easily linger on Weibo, Tieba forums, lofter and other major information platforms. There are a large number of such platforms, various information sources, and the quality of information is uneven. For minors who are not mature enough, they are more likely to be induced and driven by the enthusiasm or speech of star pursuing, and bad value-oriented information and behavior from this are therefore endless. Ensuring the healthy growth of minors is the common aspiration of the society, and guiding the underage to establish right values is also the common responsibility of the whole society.
Not only China, but our neighbor Vietnam is also actively responding to challenges from minors’ cybersecurity. The Vietnamese government is setting about the promulgation of relevant laws and regulations. During the supervision meeting of the National Assembly of Vietnam, many provincial and municipal deputies asked the government to formulate long-term planning strategies to protect youth in cyberspace, strengthen international cooperation and protect youth. In the online environment, the central institution is specifically responsible for managing issues related to the safety of the young in the online environment to coordinate various ministries and promote cooperation between government agencies and the private sector to improve the safety of teenagers on the internet.
In the online world, many major social networks are complicated, and minors’ involvement in cyberspace urgently needs correct guidance from society. The special rectification of the Internet environment for minors in the summer 2020 “Clean and Bright” and the topic of protecting youth online safety discussed by the Vietnamese National Assembly are both active attempts to maintain the domestic online communication community and online order, to fully create a good online environment. With the promulgation of relevant laws and regulations, there will be institutional guarantees for minors to access the Internet. Besides, the common supervision of the whole society is a weapon to make bad network behaviors nowhere to hide, and this requires the joint efforts of everyone.
作者：陈可欣 编辑：丁心睿
翻译：贾少轩 资讯：曹 玲
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