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依据星级预警分类关爱涉家暴未成年人的创新举措
关键词：星级预警分类 家暴 未成年人
摘要：本文主要说明了浙江省杭州市江干区妇联、区教育局联合制定的《关于对涉家暴警情未成年人心理健康进行预警干预的工作意见》对防止涉未成年人家庭暴力案件的发生的积极作用。
- 家庭暴力频发的原因分析
近年来，家庭暴力案件愈演愈烈，很多未成年人都遭受着家庭暴力的迫害。所谓家庭暴力，它并非是某个家庭的家务事，而是一起社会事件，是指家庭成员之间以殴打、捆绑、禁闭、残害或其他手段对家庭成员的身体、心理、性等方面进行伤害和摧残的行为，而未成年人因为身体或者精神上的弱势，常常处于被压迫的状态中。那为什么会存在家庭暴力，我想有以下两点原因：一是原生家庭的
影响，大多数施暴者因为原生家庭的伤害，处理家庭矛盾的能力欠缺，惯用争吵或者暴力的手段解决矛盾。二是病态的人格，这些施暴者本身有人格障碍或者一些特殊的心理疾病，因此他们会产生一些特殊的癖好，用一些强制暴力的手段来表达情绪。
- 星级预警分类的积极作用
近日，浙江省杭州市江干区妇联、区教育局联合制定的《关于对涉家暴警情未成年人心理健康进行预警干预的工作意见》（以下简称《意见》）提出了星级预警分类制度。所谓星级预警分类，是指由江干区妇联根据家暴警情中报警人身份和报警事由，将涉未成年人的家暴警情分成父母纠纷孩子报警、亲子教育孩子报警、亲子教育父母报警、亲子教育祖父母或邻居报警四大类，同时按照警情的严重程度，对报警家庭中未成年人的权益受侵害程度、身心健康情况进行初步评估。评估结果分为三星关注（年龄段较高且失学失管叛逆、心理亚健康、对父母有肢体冲突）、二星关注（年龄较小、父母关系紧张）和一星关注（父母教育方式不当）。作出这种分类分级后由江干区妇联将评估结果同步告知教育局等有关部门及街道、社区妇联，及时预警。不仅如此，在保护措施上，三星关注的是妇联重点做好家长的教育引导工作，学校重点加强未成年人心理疏导工作；二星关注的未成年人，由家庭辅导员、“钱塘阿姐”维权志愿者队伍进行关心关爱，重点做好家庭矛盾的化解；一星关注的未成年人，由社区、网格员、楼道长进行关心关爱，日常走访中发现父母教育方法不当及时纠正。
- 如何更好保护未成年人健康成长
最近有人大代表建议父母也要持合格证上岗，虽然这个提议听起来天马行空，但实际上还是有一定的道理的。因为很多未成年人遭受的家暴都是因为父母没有经验，缺乏教育子女的能力与水平，缺少了对的“生”和“育”并重的思想理念。或许探索“家长教育”之路的建设，特别是针对有问题倾向的学生家长，建立一对一的授课方案，能有针对性的解决实际问题。除了父母外，学校和社会更应当给予她多一点的关心和关爱，只有这样，大家精诚所至，团结一心，才能为未成年人构建一个更为和谐的未来！
撰稿：王金菊
翻译：冯力力
编辑：乔一宁
资讯链接：http://www.cnwomen.com.cn/2020/06/15/99200446.html
Innovative Measures to Care For Minors Involved in Domestic Violence according to the Classification of Star-Rating Warning
Key words: Classification of star-rating warning, Domestic violence, Minors
Abstract: This essay mainly explains the positive effect of the Opinions on Early Warning and Intervention on the Mental Health of Minors Involved in Domestic Violence jointly put forward by the Women’s Federation and Education Bureau of Jianggan District in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province on preventing the occurrence of domestic violence cases involving minors.
1. Analysis of the causes of frequent domestic violence
In recent years, domestic violence cases have become increasingly fierce, and many minors are suffering from the persecution of domestic violence. So-called family violence is not only a household matter , but a societal issue which refers to behaviors between family members by beating, binding, shuttering or adopting other actions to family member’s physical, psychological and sexual damage and destruction. Because of their physical or mental vulnerability, children are constantly in a state of oppression.Analysis of the causes of frequent domestic violence
There are several explanations for the existence of domestic violence: first, it could be related to the abuser’s family of origin. In this case, most abusers lack the ability to deal with family conflicts due to the harm done to them when they were young. Hence, they often attempt to handle conflicts by means of arguments or violence. Another reason could be the pathological personality possessed by some people. It is possible that the abuser has a personality disorder or some special mental illnesses, which lead to he or she having a tendency towards using some forms of coercive violence to express emotions.
2.The positive role of classification of star-rating warning
The Opinions on Early Warning and Intervention for The Mental Health of Minors Involved in Domestic Violence (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions), jointly introduced by the Women’s Federation and the District Education Bureau of Jianggan District, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, puts forward the star-rating warning system. The so-called star-rating warning classification, Women’s Federation of Jianggan District classifies the alerts involved with domestic violence against minors into four categories with different star-ratings according to the identity of the person reporting the incident and the cause of the incident: children making police reports because of parents’ disputes, children calling the police because of parenting, parents’ calling for police because of parenting and grandparents or neighbors’ calling for police because of parenting. Meanwhile, the extent to which the rights and interests of children in the families who call the police have been violated and their physical and mental health conditions will be preliminary assessed according to the severity of the alarm. The consequence of the assessment can be classified as three-stars concern (senior age and out of school with rebellious personality, psychological health, physical conflict with parents), two-stars concern (junior age with tense relationship with parents) and one-star concern (improper parenting). After making this kind of classification, the evaluation results will be simultaneously given by the Women’s Federation of Jianggan District to the Education Bureau and other relevant departments as well as the street and women’s Federation of the community, so warnings can be made timely. In addition, in terms of protection measures, the three-star concern mainly focuses on the education and guidance of parents by the women’s Federation, and schools focusing on strengthening psychological counseling of minors. For two-star concern, family counselors and “Qiantang A Jie” rights protection volunteers provide care for minors, focusing on resolving family conflicts. Minors involved in one-star concern shall be cared for by the community, grid members and corridor managers. And improper parental education methods shall be corrected timely in daily visits.
3.How to better protect the healthy growth of minors
Recently, a deputy to the National People’s Congress suggested that parents should take up post as parents with certificate of qualification. Although this proposal sounds unrealistic, it actually makes sense to some extent, because a lot of children suffer from domestic violence because their parents lack parenting experience and relative capacity. There should be thoughts of putting equal weight on both “giving birth” and “raising the child”. Maybe such recommendation will help with the exploration of proper parenting education for parents, especially to establish a one-to-one teaching plan to change the view of the parents who have problematic tendency . In addition to parents, the school and the society should give minors more care and love, only when we are united as one, can we build a relatively harmonious future for children!
Writer：Wang Jinju
Translator：Feng lili
Editor：Qiao Yining
【热点聚焦】
世界肝炎日：加速消除母婴传播乙型肝炎问题
关键词：世界卫生组织，加速消除母婴传播乙型肝炎问题，生命健康
世界卫生组织（世卫组织）最新估算，在1980年代到2000年代初未接种乙肝疫苗期，5岁以下儿童感染慢性乙肝病毒的百分比约为5%，到2019年已降至1%以下。
这标志着已实现可持续发展目标所确定的关于消除病毒性肝炎的一项重要具体目标，实现了到2020年将5岁以下儿童乙肝病毒感染率控制在1%以下这一具体目标。
世卫组织总干事谭德塞博士指出：“所有婴儿都应接种乙肝疫苗，以免长大后死于乙型肝炎。实现这一重要具体目标意味着，未来几代人肝损伤和肝癌病例数将大幅减少。预防乙型肝炎母婴传播和幼儿期传播是控制这一疾病和拯救生命的最重要战略。即使在COVID-19大流行期间，我们也必须确保母亲和新生儿能够获得拯救生命的服务，包括接种乙型肝炎疫苗”。
世卫组织于2020年世界肝炎日呼吁再接再厉，一致采取大力行动，检测孕妇和对有需要者采取抗病毒预防措施，维持和扩大乙型肝炎免疫接种，并为新生儿接种出生剂次疫苗，加紧预防乙型肝炎母婴传播。
全球共有2.5亿多人感染了慢性乙型肝炎病毒。婴儿尤其脆弱：大约90%感染乙型肝炎病毒的儿童在出生第一年即成为慢性乙型肝炎病毒携带者。乙型肝炎病毒损伤肝部，每年造成近90万人死亡。
预防乙型肝炎
通过接种安全有效的疫苗，婴儿可以免受乙肝病毒感染。乙肝疫苗可提供95%以上的感染防护。世卫组织建议为所有婴儿在出生后尽早（最好是在24小时内）接种第一剂乙型肝炎疫苗，此后应再接种至少两剂疫苗。
过去二十年来，在全球疫苗免疫联盟的大力支持下，全球推广乙型肝炎疫苗接种在公共卫生领域取得了巨大成就，儿童乙肝病毒感染率大幅下降。2019年，全世界3剂乙肝疫苗覆盖率达到85%，而在2000年覆盖率大约只有30%。然而，在出生后24小时内获得第一剂关键疫苗接种的机会仍不平等。全球出生剂次覆盖率为43%，而世卫组织东地中海区域的覆盖率只有34%，世卫组织非洲区域的覆盖率仅有6%。
全球艾滋病毒、肝炎和性传播感染规划司司长Meg Doherty博士说，“推广及时接种乙肝疫苗出生剂次是防止乙肝母婴传播的基石。在一些国家，尤其在尚未实行出生剂次疫苗接种的撒哈拉以南非洲地区的国家中，重点是确保尽早提供此项疫苗接种服务”。
保护儿童的另一项措施是向孕妇提供抗病毒治疗，以减少乙肝病毒母婴传播。世卫组织建议对所有孕妇进行乙肝病毒常规检测，并建议在妊娠期尽早对孕妇进行艾滋病毒和梅毒检测。根据关于孕妇及其子女抗病毒预防措施安全性和有效性的新证据，世卫组织今天发布了两项新建议：
1.乙肝感染检测结果呈阳性且血液中乙肝病毒含量（也称为乙肝病毒载量）较高的孕妇应在怀孕28周至分娩前接受替诺福韦预防性抗病毒治疗。在世界上许多国家中，替诺福韦这一抗病毒药物每月治疗费用低于3美元。
2.在无法检测乙肝病毒载量的环境中，世卫组织建议采用低成本的检测HBeAg方法，以确定为哪些妇女提供预防性抗病毒治疗。
在乙型肝炎免疫接种（包括及时接种出生剂次）高覆盖率的国家中，常规检测孕妇乙肝病毒感染和对有需要者采取抗病毒预防措施可以进一步防止母婴传播。
Doherty博士还指出：“阻断乙肝病毒的垂直传播是全球‘三消除’计划的一项关键内容。这项计划的目标是，消除在低收入和中等收入国家中流行的母婴传播艾滋病毒、梅毒和乙肝病毒感染问题”。
消除母婴传播乙肝病毒也是实现世卫组织全球肝炎战略目标的重要步骤。世卫组织全球肝炎战略目标是，与2015年水平相比，将肝炎新发感染率降低90%，死亡人数减少65%。
COVID-19大流行疫情危及今后进展
在最糟糕的情况下，假如乙肝病毒疫苗出生剂次接种率和儿童乙肝疫苗覆盖率受到严重影响（一年受影响程度分别为60%和20%），并假如在COVID-19疫情过后在恢复扩大免疫接种规划以实现世卫组织2030年预定目标方面出现延误或行动缓慢，那么，在2020年至2030年期间出生的儿童中，预计将新增530万例慢性乙肝病毒感染，这些儿童此后死于乙肝病毒人数将新增100万人。所以，如果现在错失预防乙肝病毒新发感染的机会，将造成持久的和影响生命的后果。COVID-19可能会阻碍在消除乙肝病毒方面的进展。根据伦敦帝国学院与世卫组织合作开展的一项新的模拟研究，这一大流行病扰乱了乙型肝炎疫苗接种规划，可能会严重影响在实现全球战略目标方面的努力。
评论
当前我们可以看到，过去二十年来，在全球疫苗免疫联盟的大力支持下，全球推广乙型肝炎疫苗接种在公共卫生领域取得了巨大成就，儿童乙肝病毒感染率大幅下降。至2019年感染人数表明我们已实现可持续发展目标所确定的关于消除病毒性肝炎的一项重要具体目标。当然，预防乙肝病毒传染这一任务仍任重而道远。作为众多感染慢性乙型肝炎病毒群体中最脆弱的存在，儿童接种乙肝疫苗一直是当代热点。但仍需强调的是，预防乙型肝炎母婴传播和幼儿期传播是控制这一疾病和拯救生命的最重要战略。
撰稿：郑雅妮
翻译：段一鹏
编辑：招嘉艺
World Hepatitis Day: Accelerating the Elimination of Mother-to-child Hepatitis B Transmission
The proportion of children under five years of age chronically infected with hepatitis B (HBV) dropped to just under 1% in 2019 down from around 5% in the pre-vaccine era (the period between the 1980s and the early 2000s), according to new estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO).
Key words: World Health Organization, Accelerating the elimination of mother-to-child hepatitis B transmission, Health
This marks the achievement of one of the milestone targets to eliminate viral hepatitis in the Sustainable Development Goals ─ to reach under 1% prevalence of HBV infections in children under five years of age by 2020.
“No infant should grow up only to die of hepatitis B because they were not vaccinated ─ today’s milestone means that we have dramatically reduced the number of cases of liver damage and liver cancer in future generations,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B is the most important strategy for controlling the disease and saving lives. Even in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, we must ensure that mothers and newborns have access to life-saving services including hepatitis B vaccinations.”
On World Hepatitis Day 2020, WHO is calling for united and stepped-up action to build on this achievement through intensified efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV through testing pregnant women and provision of antiviral prophylaxis to those who need it and maintaining and expanding access to hepatitis B immunization and birth dose vaccine.
Globally, more than 250 million people are living with chronic HBV infection. Infants are especially vulnerable: about 90% of children infected with HBV in their first year of life become chronic HBV carriers. HBV attacks the liver and claims the lives of nearly 900 000 people each year.
Preventing hepatitis B
Infants can be protected from HBV through a safe and effective vaccine that provides over 95% protection against infection. WHO recommends that all infants receive a first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth – preferably within 24 hours – followed by at least 2 additional doses.
The scale-up of hepatitis B vaccine worldwide over the last two decades, which has been in large part due to the support provided by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has been a great public health success story and contributed to the decrease in HBV infections among children. In 2019, coverage of 3 doses of the hepatitis B vaccine during childhood reached 85% worldwide, up from around 30% in 2000. However, access to the first critical dose within 24 hours of birth remains uneven. Global coverage of this birth dose is 43%, but this drops to 34% in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region and only 6% in the WHO African Region.
“Expanding access to a timely birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine is the cornerstone of efforts to prevent mother-to-children transmission of HBV. For countries especially in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, where the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine has not yet been introduced, it is a priority to assure that protection as early as possible,” said Dr Meg Doherty, Director of Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes.
An additional way to protect children is to provide pregnant women with antiviral treatment to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HBV. WHO already recommends routine testing of all pregnant women for HBV, as well as HIV and syphilis as early as possible in their pregnancy. In view of new evidence on the safety and efficacy of antiviral prophylaxis in pregnant women and their children, WHO is issuing today 2 new recommendations:
1.Pregnant women who test positive for hepatitis B infection and have a high level of HBV in the blood (known as HBV viral load) should receive preventive antiviral therapy with tenofovir from the 28th week of pregnancy until birth. The antiviral drug, tenofovir is available at low cost in many countries of the world for less than US$3 per month.
2.In settings where HBV viral load testing is not available, WHO recommends the use of an alternative low cost test (HBeAg) to determine whether a woman is eligible for preventive antiviral therapy.
In countries that have already achieved high coverage of hepatitis B immunization, including timely birth dose, routine testing for HBV infection among pregnant women and antiviral prophylaxis for those in need is an additional opportunity to prevent onward transmission from mother to child.
Eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HBV is also an important stepping stone for reaching the targets of WHO’s global hepatitis strategy, which aims to reduce new hepatitis infections by 90% and deaths by 65%, compared to 2015 levels.
“Stopping vertical transmission of HBV is a key pillar of the global ‘triple elimination’ initiative, which seeks to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of three infections that are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries: HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus,” added Dr Doherty.
The COVID-19 pandemic jeopardizes future progress
COVID-19 threatens to hamper progress in eliminating HBV. According to a new modelling study conducted by Imperial College London in collaboration with WHO, disruptions to the hepatitis B vaccination programme due to the pandemic could have a serious impact on efforts to reach the targets of the global strategy.
Under a worst-case scenario, with high levels of disruptions of both the birth dose and childhood HBV immunization (by 60% and 20% for one year respectively), as well as a delay and slow recovery in the expansion of the vaccination programme towards the planned 2030 WHO-targets in the post COVID-19 period, there would be a projected 5.3 million additional chronic HBV infections among children born between 2020 and 2030 and 1 million additional HBV-related deaths among those children later on. Thus, missed opportunities now to prevent new HBV infections will have a long-lasting and life-impacting effect.
Comment
We have seen a tremendous public health achievement in promoting hepatitis B vaccination globally in the past twenty years, with the support of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Hepatitis B infection rates among children significantly reduced as well. The infection rate in 2019 has shown the achievement of a milestone set in the Sustainable Development Goals regarding the elimination of viral hepatitis. Nonetheless, there is still much work to be done to prevent hepatitis B transmission. As the most vulnerable group to be chronically infected with hepatitis B, hepatitis vaccination for children has always been a hot issue. It should be further emphasized that preventing mother-to-child transmission is the most important strategy for controlling illness and saving lives.
Writer: Yani Zheng
Translator: Yipeng Duan
Editor: Jiayi Zhao
财政部：293.5亿元支持改善义务教育薄弱环节
关键字：乡村义务教育；教育信息化；“互联网+教育”
经济日报北京7月27日讯，近日，财政部安排2020年义务教育薄弱环节改善与能力提升补助资金293.5亿元，继续支持地方基本消除城镇“大班额”，基本补齐乡村小规模学校和乡镇寄宿制学校短板，实现农村义务教育学校网络教学环境全覆盖。
2019年7月份印发的《关于切实做好义务教育薄弱环节改善与能力提升工作的意见》明确提出，计划到2020年底，全部消除66人以上超大班额，基本消除现有56人以上大班额，全国大班额比例控制在5%以内；科学合理设置乡镇寄宿制学校和乡村小规模学校，基本补齐两类学校短板，办学条件达到所在省份基本办学标准；实现农村义务教育学校网络教学环境全覆盖，不断提升农村学校教育信息化应用水平。
评论据悉，此次分配资金将在继续统筹兼顾中西部易地扶贫搬迁安置地学校建设、高寒高海拔地区学校取暖条件改善、“互联网+教育”试点等情况基础上，进一步加大对有脱贫攻坚挂牌督战县的省份倾斜力度。同时，财政部还要求地方切实发挥省级统筹作用，加大投入力度，优化支出结构，重点向“三区三州”等深度贫困地区，尤其是脱贫攻坚挂牌督战县倾斜。
在脱贫攻坚决胜之年，农村是关键，也是重点，坚决打赢农村脱贫攻坚，基础在教育，关键在人才。义务教育是整个国民教育体系的基础，为此，财政部特批293.5亿元用于支持改善按义务教育薄弱环节，提供人才保障与智力支持，这事关农村人力资本竞争力的提升，并且随着网络的普及与发展，有望实现农村义务教育学校网络教学环境全覆盖，让学生能够体验到互联网教学的有趣之处，可以通过网络及时与社会取得联系。同时此次活动将有效科学设置寄宿制学校与乡村小规模学校，提高办学条件与保障水平，缩小城乡间、区域间、校际间办学差距，促进义务教育均衡发展。
撰稿：李嘉敏
翻译：鲍敏
编辑：徐辰美竹
原文链接：http://paper.ce.cn/jjrb/html/2020-07/28/content_424536.htm
Ministry of Finance: Subsidize 29.35 Billion Yuan for Improving Weak Links in Compulsory Education
Key words: Compulsory education in rural areas, Education IT, “Internet + Education”
According to Economic Daily’s report on July 27, recently, the Ministry of Finance arranged subsidies of 29.35 billion yuan on improving weakness and enhancing the capacity of compulsory education in 2020, in order to continue to support local governments to eliminate most of the “large class size” in cities and towns and make up for the most shortcomings of small-scale rural schools and boarding schools in villages and towns, so as to achieve the full coverage of online teaching environment in rural compulsory education schools.
The opinions on improving the weak links of compulsory education and improving the ability of compulsory education issued in July 2019, clearly pointed out that by the end of 2020 the overcrowding class with more than 66 students will be completely eliminated, and the existing large-scale class containing over 56 students will be mostly eliminated, and the proportion of large-scale class will be controlled within 5% across the country. In addition, the rural boarding schools and small-scale rural schools will be arranged scientifically and reasonably to overcome their shortcomings, and to satisfy the basic school-running standard of the province. Besides, the rural compulsory education schools will be fully covered with internet teaching environment and the application of IT in education in the rural areas will be continuously improved.
It is reported that the allocation of funds will give overall consideration to the relocated schools in the relocation region of the poor in the central and western areas, the improvement of the heating conditions in high elevation and severely cold area and the situation of the testing of “Internet + Education” program. Furthermore, the government will pay more attention to provinces with counties listed in the county government’s poverty alleviation list. At the same time, the Ministry of Finance also requires local governments to put in place overall planning at the provincial level, increase investment intensity, optimize the expenditure structure, and focus on deep poverty-stricken areas like “three districts, three prefectures”, especially the counties listed for poverty alleviation.
Comments
In the big year of getting rid of poverty, rural areas are crucial. In order to resolutely win the battle against poverty in rural areas, education is the foundation and the talents are the key. Since compulsory education is the foundation of the whole national education system, the Ministry of finance allocates 29.35 billion yuan to the improvement of the weakness of compulsory education, provides talent guarantee and intellectual support, which is related to the development of rural human capital competitiveness. With the popularization and advance of the internet, it is expected to achieve the full coverage of internet teaching in rural compulsory education schools, allowing students to experience remote teaching and keep up with the society in time through the internet. At the same time, this activity will effectively and scientifically set up boarding schools and small-scale rural schools, to improve the school conditions and security level, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, different regions and schools, and promote balanced development of compulsory education.
Writer：Jiamin Li
Translator：Min Bao
Editor：Chenmeizhu Xu
Reference:http://paper.ce.cn/jjrb/html/2020-07/28/content_424536.htm
“强制报告APP”保护未成年免受侵害
关键词：侵害未成年人案件，强制报告制度
2020年7月23日，重庆市九龙坡区检察院、市公安局九龙坡区分局探索开发的“强制报告App”正式上线运行，这也是《关于建立侵害未成年人案件强制报告制度的意见（试行》下发以来全国首个“强制报告App”。它聚焦于强奸、猥亵、虐待、伤害未成年人等九种情形，发挥举报、处理、监督三大功效，有利于侵害未成年人犯罪早发现、早干预、早惩治，及时阻断对未成年人的持续伤害。
评论
一直以来，未成年人的健康与成长，时刻受到我们国家和社会的广泛关注。在网络信息不发达的年代，存在很多侵害未成年人的案件，但常常因为各种原因维权受到阻碍最后不了了之。近年来，随着科学技术的发展，保护未成年人的方式也更加智能化。重庆探索开发的“强制报告APP”，作为一个专门强制报告侵害未成年人案件线索的智能平台、全国首个“强制报告App”，最大程度内破解侵害未成年人犯罪“发现难”问题。这部APP的优点不仅在于举报方便、受案快捷、查处及时、监督同步，还在于它将强制报告的义务赋予给了与未成年人密切接触的个人、行业组织和部门有关工作人员，这样一来，不仅成功拥有了数量较多的受众，还能够集众人之力，发挥出1+1>2的效果。保护未成年人，我们一直在路上！
撰稿：王金菊
翻译：王艺琳
编辑：乔一宁
原文链接：http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/2020-07/28/c_1126293442.htm
“Mandatory Reporting App”
Protecting Minors against Harms
Key words: Cases of abuse of minors, Mandatory Reporting System
On July 23, the “Mandatory Reporting APP” developed by the Jiulongpo District Procuratorate and the Jiulongpo District Branch of the Municipal Public Security Bureau of Chongqing was officially launched. It is the first “Mandatory Reporting APP” in the country since the issuance of the Opinions on the Establishment of a Mandatory Reporting System for Cases against Minors. It targets nine situations such as rape, indecency, abuse, and harm to minors. It exerts the three functions of reporting, handling and supervision. It is conducive to early detection, early intervention and early punishment of crimes against minors, and to timely block out the continuous harm to minors.
Comments
All along, the health and growth of minors have been a wide concern of our country and society. In the era of underdeveloped network information, there are many cases of infringement of minors, but often because of various reasons to block the rights of the end. In recent years, with the development of science and technology, child protection measures have improved. The “Mandatory Reporting APP” developed by Chongqing, as the first intelligent platform that specializes in mandatory reporting of clues on cases of infringement of minors, tackled at the largest degree with the problem of difficult detection of cases involving minors. The advantage of this APP is not only its convenient reporting, quick acceptance of cases, timely investigation and handling, and synchronization of supervision, but also the entrustment of the obligation of mandatory report to individuals, industry organizations and related staff in close contact with minors. As thus, the system not only succeeds in having a large number of audiences but is also able to gather the power of the crowd to create the effect of 1+1>2. Protecting minors, we are always on the way!
Writer：Wang Jinju
Translator：Wang Yilin
Editor：Qiao Yining
Reference: http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/2020-07/28/c_1126293442.htm
专业社会机构为性侵受害儿童提供希望
关键词：儿童性侵，保护被性侵儿童的方式，儿童保护机构
2020年7月28日，美国堪萨斯城地方新闻采访了一位在孩童时期遭受性侵的女生。这位名叫艾琳娜（Elena Nanneman）的22岁女生用自己的亲身经历，为保护受性侵影响的儿童提供了希望。7至8岁的童年时期，艾琳娜曾在爷爷的教堂里被一位长者长期性侵，且这位长者是他们家非常信任的一位朋友。在一次“公开的骚扰”中，性侵犯者的恶行才浮出水面。艾琳娜的父母知道此事后，将她带到了一个叫Sunflower House的专注于受暴力和性侵的儿童保护和支持机构。机构的工作人员是有专业知识的社会工作者，他们为那些受到创伤的儿童提供了一个非常安全且令人安心的环境，使得他们不像在警察局那样害怕地讲出这一切。Sunflower House还给孩子们设计了一个玩具屋，他们可以选择自己喜欢的玩具。艾琳娜说，在Sunflower House里经历的一切让她至今记忆犹新，工作人员让孩童时期的她明白，他们相信她说的话，会为她提供帮助。同时，她也渐渐明白这一切不是她的错，从创伤中渐渐恢复过来，勇敢地面对这一切。如今，22岁的艾琳娜已成为Sunflower House的发言人之一，她用自己的故事鼓励那些和她一样的受害者。
评论
儿童在遭受性侵之后，需要及时、专业的心理干预及治疗。Sunflower House这样的社会机构应该更加普及和专业化，同时也应考虑与警方合作，并且考虑孩子们在机构内讲述的经历能多大程度上作为侵害者的犯罪证据。除此之外，需要让孩子们意识到这并不是他们的错。年龄小的孩子往往在遭受性侵害后，并不清楚发生了什么，难以启齿，甚至会认为是自己的问题。父母应第一时间给予孩子心理安抚，同时寻求专业机构的帮助，减少二次伤害。当然，要预防此类事情的发生，就要给予孩子适当的性教育和安全教育，比如不让陌生人触碰自己的隐私部位，当有人对自己身体做出奇怪举动的时候，要第一时间告诉父母。
撰稿：郭金莹
翻译：郭金莹
编辑：曹珈赫
原文链接：https://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/kc-area-woman-recalls-sexual-abuse-as-child-offers-hope-for-survivors
Professional Social Agencies Provide Hope for Child Victims of Sexual Abuse
Key words: Child sexual abuse, Methods of protecting sexually abused child, Child protection agency
On July 28, 2020, Kansas City Local News interviewed a girl who was sexually abused as a child. The 22-year-old girl named Elena Nanneman used her own experience to offer hope for sexual abused survivors. During her childhood from 7 to 8 years old, Elena was sexually abused by an elder in her grandfather’s church for a long time, and this elder was a very trusted and loved friend of their family. In a “public harassment”, the abuse of the sexual offender came forward. After Elena’s parents learned of this, they took her to a child protection and support agency called Sunflower House that specialized in cases of physical and sexual abuse. The staff of the agency were trained and licensed social workers with expertise. They provided a very safe and reassuring environment for children who had been traumatized, so that they were not afraid to tell what happened to them as in the police station. Sunflower House also designed a dollhouse for children, where they could choose their favorite toys. Elena said that everything she experienced in Sunflower House was still fresh in her memory. The staff let her as a child understand that they believed what she said and were there to help her. At the same time, she also understood that all this was not her fault, which was one of the most important goals of Sunflower House. She gradually recovered from the trauma, and bravely faced all this. Today, 22-year-old Elena has become one of the spokespersons of Sunflower House. She uses her story to encourage victims like her.
Comment
Writer: Jinying GuoUsually, children need timely and professional psychological intervention and treatment after being sexually abused. Professional agencies like Sunflower House can do that and let the victims tell the details of what happened to them and vent their emotions. This is precisely the crucial method for children to heal their wounds. Social institutions similar to Sunflower House should be more popular and professional in society. At the same time, the cooperation between such institutions and the police should also be considered, as well as to what extent the children’s experiences in the institution can be used as criminal evidence against the offender. In addition, it is important to make the children realize that this is not their fault. Parents should provide their children psychological comfort as soon as possible, and seek help from professional agencies to reduce secondary injuries. Of course, to prevent such things from happening, we must give children proper sex education and safety education, such as not letting strangers touch their private parts of their bodies, and when someone behave strangely to their bodies, they are supposed to tell the parents immediately.
Translator: Jinying Guo
Editor: Jiahe Cao
在大流行中重返校园
学校的门开始重新开放时，学生的状况如何？
关键词：联合国儿童基金会，新冠肺炎疫情，学校师生健康，返校
近日，关注全球儿童健康的视线聚焦在了新冠肺炎疫情后的儿童返校情况。在四月份的全国性禁闭活动高峰期，全球超过194个国家/地区的学生中有91％人失学。这给全世界儿童的生活，学习和福祉造成了不可估量的破坏。疫情期间，联合国儿童基金会正在与各政府和学校合作，保证儿童（尤其是最边缘化的儿童）继续正常学习，不仅让学校重新开学，而且重新开放更好的学校。
随着一些国家的学校校门开始重新开放，诸如洗手站，戴口罩和检查温度等措施已被纳入学校生活。 这是以下国家/地区的学生重返校园的一瞥：
在中国，孩子们在进入幼儿园之前要检查一下体温并使用洗手液，在重庆幼儿园于6月2日重新开放。为了保持儿童的健康和安全，教职员工采取了一系列措施，包括监测新冠肺炎疫情症状，鼓励良好的卫生习惯以及对教室和宿舍进行消毒。
在新冠肺炎疫情爆发后，中国的儿童正逐渐重返学校。根据疾病控制和预防措施，时间表因省和学校年级而异。
联合国儿童基金会支持安全返校运动，以向学生，教师和家长提供实用技巧的帮助，这些实用技巧已分发给全国各地的学校。孩子们在科特迪瓦西南部的圣佩德罗小学上课。由于疫情，学校关闭了数周。5月18日，上课时采取了预防措施：孩子戴口罩，定期洗手并保持身体距离。
当地教育部最近宣布在6月底至9月之间重新开学。联合国儿童基金会通过发展实用的指导和咨询工具来支持该部，以支持地方当局、家庭和学生。
联合国儿童基金会正在为教育部制定安全重启学校的准则提供支持，还支持Minia和Fayoum省360所学校的消毒工作，以帮助保护338,259名儿童。联合国儿童基金会将在12年级期末考试之前帮助另外567所学校消毒。
5月11日，老师和学生在越南老街开学的第一天采取了预防措施。这些措施被称为“新习惯”，以在疫情大流行期间使所有人的学校更安全。自从1月下旬的农历新年节以来长时间休息后，超过2200万越南学生开始重返校园。为了让学校重新开放，他们必须符合教育和培训部设定的安全标准清单，以防止感染蔓延。这些措施包括确保环境和食品卫生，准备医疗和卫生工具（例如温度计和肥皂），进行温度检查，安排学生戴口罩并且在教室中适当隔开。
在联合国儿童基金会的支持下，越南全国所有43,966所学校都实施了学校安全规程，以帮助学生和教师重返校园。
评论
在疫情下，学生返校工作尤为重要。这些国家在这种特殊情况下，也同样为学生们提供了安全、良好的学习环境。联合国儿童基金会也与各国政府和学校合作，搭建洗手台和测温通道，让儿童继续学习，让学校重新开学。在抗击新冠肺炎疫情的大环境下，联合国儿童基金会与各国政府和学校间的合作，为促进儿童健康发展发挥了关键性的作用。
撰稿：孔垂青
翻译：孔垂青
编辑：招嘉艺
原文链接：https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/heading-back-school-in-pandemic#
Heading back to School in the Pandemic
——As School Doors Start to Reopen in Some Countries, What Does It Look Like for Students?
Key words: UNICEF, COVID-19 epidemic, School health，School return
An entire generation has seen its education interrupted. At the height of nation-wide lockdowns in April, approximately 91 per cent of the world’s students in more than 194 countries were out of school. This has caused immeasurable disruption to the lives, learning and wellbeing of children around the world.
UNICEF is working together with governments and schools to keep children, particularly the most marginalized, learning and to not just reopen schools, but reopen better schools.
As school doors start to reopen in some countries, measures like handwashing stations, physical distancing, mask wearing and temperature checks are being integrated into school life. Here’s a glimpse of what a return to school looks like for students in the following countries.
In China,Children get their temperature checked and use hand sanitizer before entering their kindergarten, which reopened on 2 June in Chongqing, China. To keep children healthy and safe, staff and teachers have implemented a series of measures, including monitoring for COVID-19 symptoms, encouraging good hygiene practices and disinfecting classrooms and dormitories.
Children in China are gradually returning to school following the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on disease control and prevention measures, timetables vary across provinces and school grades.
Children attend classes at the primary school of San-Pedro, in the South West of Côte d’Ivoire. Due to COVID-19, schools were closed for several weeks. On 18 May, classes resumed with precautionary measures: children wearing masks, washing their hands regularly and maintaining physical distance.UNICEF supported a Safe School Return campaign to support students, teachers and parents with practical tips that have been distributed to schools across the country.
The Ministry of Education has recently announced a school break between the end of June and September. UNICEF is supporting the ministry with the development of practical guidance and counseling tools to support local authorities, families and students.
A student gets his hands disinfected at a high school in Minia governorate in Egypt.
UNICEF is supporting the Ministry of Education with the development of guidelines for the safe reopening of schools. We have also supported disinfection efforts in 360 schools in the Minia and Fayoum governorates to help protect 338,259 children. UNICEF will help disinfect another 567 schools ahead of the Grade 12 final exams.
Teachers and students take preventative measures on the first day of school in Lao Cai, Viet Nam on 11 May. These measures are being called ‘new habits’ to make schools safer for all during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Following a prolonged break since the Lunar New Year festival in late January, over 22 million Vietnamese students began to return to school. For schools to reopen, they had to meet a list of safety standards set by the Ministry of Education and Training, to prevent the spread of infections. These included environmental and food hygiene, medical and sanitation tools (such as thermometers and soap), temperature checks, mask wearing and appropriate distancing in the classroom.
With support from UNICEF, all 43,966 schools nationwide have implemented school safety protocols to help students and teachers return to school.
Comment
Under the epidemic situation, students need to return to school. These countries also provide a safe and good learning environment for students in this special situation. UNICEF has also cooperated with governments and schools of various countries to build hand washing stations and temperature measurement channels so that children can continue to study and allow schools to reopen. In the context of fighting the epidemic, UNICEF and treatment have played a key role in promoting children’s health in schools.
Writer: Chuiqing Kong
Translator: Chuiqing Kong
Editor:Jiayi Zhao
“Global Snapshots on Child Law”项目由致诚公益律师团队发起，我们希望联合全球热爱公益事业、关注儿童保护的志愿者打造全球儿童保护最新、最及时、最真实的动态分享平台。
“Global Snapshots on Child Law” is initiated by Zhicheng Public Interest Law. We hope to unite global volunteers who are passionate about the cause of public interests and build the most updated, timely and genuine information sharing platform for child protection worldly.
筹备与内容审核：
石纯毓，戴允中，陈欣怡
技术支持：
陈强，陈惠昀，黄丽媛，庞静，屈强，袁倩华，袁子淇，任书怡，朱宇飞，成颖杰，薛志奇，罗湘玥，刘芸含，赵雅雪，冯馨田