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海口印发校车安全管理办法，校车有了“身份证”
关键词：校车管理 自主配备 学生安全
2020年7月29日，海南省海口市人民政府已正式印发《海口市校车安全管理试行办法》，该办法将于2020年8月1日起施行，有效期两年。该办法对海口市政府职能部门安全管理职责和安全管理联动机制进行了细化和明确，对校车服务提供者从事校车服务工作申请、责任和条件进行了明确，并对保障校车安全的基础设施条件进行了规范。
办法指出，学校可以自主配备校车，用于接送本校学生。同时，依法设立的下列单位可以提供校车服务：城市公共交通企业；道路旅客运输经营企业；海口市政府批准从事校车服务工作的校车服务提供单位。采用校车服务提供者提供校车服务的学校应当与校车服务提供者签订校车安全管理责任书，明确各自的安全管理责任，落实校车运行安全管理措施。
对于申请使用校车的学校或校车服务提供者，海口市政府决定批准的，出具校车使用许可批准书，由交警部门发放校车标牌。校车标牌应当记载本车的号牌号码、机动车所有人、驾驶人、行驶线路、开行时间、停靠站点、发牌单位、有效期限等信息。校车标牌分前后两块，分别放置于前挡风窗玻璃右下角和后挡风窗玻璃适当位置。此外，该办法明确，校车应当配备随车照管人员。低年级学生乘坐的校车，应当配备不少于1人的随车照管人员。随车照管人员必须全程随车照看乘车学生。
评论
校车安全管理一直是公安交管部门工作的重点，也是全社会关注的焦点。我国2012年即颁行了《校车安全管理条例》，将“校车”定义为依照本条例取得使用许可，用于接送接受义务教育的学生上下学的7座以上的载客汽车。该条例目的在于加强校车安全管理，保障乘坐校车学生的人身安全。
近年来，由于校车事故频发，学生出行交通安全问题更是被各级政府和社会各界高度关注。校车承担着载运中小学生及幼儿的重任, 事关千家万户的幸福与安宁。海口市这一举措是对《校车管理条例》的具体落实，对保障乘车学生安全，助力复工复学具有重要作用。
原文链接：http://www.jyb.cn/rmtzcg/xwy/wzxw/202007/t20200729_348448.html
撰稿：白雪
翻译：杨洁华
编辑：严倩格
Haikou Issued School Bus Safety Management Measures, Giving School Buses “Identity Cards”
Key words: School bus management, Self-equipped, Student safety
On July 29, 2020, Haikou Municipal People’s Government in Hainan Province has officially issued the “Haikou City School Bus Safety Management Trial Measures”, which will be implemented on August 1, 2020, and will be valid for two years. The Measures refine and clarify the safety management responsibilities and safety management linkage mechanism of the functional departments of Haikou Municipal Government, confirm the application, responsibilities and conditions of school bus service providers for school bus service work, and assure the infrastructure conditions to ensure school bus safety to be standardized.
The method pointed out that schools can independently equip their own school buses to pick up and drop off their students. At the same time, the following units established in accordance with the law can provide school bus services: urban public transportation companies; road passenger transportation companies; school bus service providers approved by the Haikou Municipal Government to engage in school bus services. Schools that use school bus service providers to provide school bus services should sign a school bus safety management responsibility letter with the school bus service provider, specify their respective safety management responsibilities, and implement school bus operation safety management measures.
For schools or school bus service providers that apply for the use of school buses, if approved, Haikou Municipal Government will issue an approval letter for use of school bus, and the traffic police department will issue the school bus signs. The school bus sign shall record the vehicle’s license plate number, motor vehicle owner, driver, driving route, driving time, stopping station, license issuing unit, expiration date and other specific information. The school bus signs are divided into the two parts – the front and the rear, which are respectively placed on the lower right corner of the front windshield glass and the appropriate position of the rear windshield glass. In addition, the method pointed out that school buses should be equipped with on-board caretakers. The school bus for lower grade students shall be equipped with at least one car-carrying staff. And the car-carrying staff are responsible for children’s safety in the bus. Students are not allowed to take the passenger seat.
Comment:
School bus safety management has always been the focus of the work of the public security traffic control department. In 2012, China promulgated the “School Bus Safety Management Regulations”, which defines a “school bus” as a passenger car with more than 7 seats that is licensed in accordance with these regulations and used to transport students receiving compulsory education to and from school. This regulation is to strengthen the safety management of school buses and protect the personal safety of students riding on the school buses.
In recent years, there have been frequent school bus accidents, and the traffic safety of students traveling has been highly concerned by governments at all levels and the different ranks of society. School buses take the important task of transporting primary and secondary school students and young children. This duty is closely tied to the heart and happiness of thousands of families. This action by Haikou City is the specific implementation of the “School Bus Management Regulations”, which plays an important role in ensuring the safety of students on the bus and helping to resume work and school better.
Reference(s):
http://www.jyb.cn/rmtzcg/xwy/wzxw/202007/t20200729_348448.html
Writer：Bai Xue
Translator：Yang Jiehua
Editor：Yan Qiange
“目睹家暴也是受害者”，立法保护孩子就得体贴入微
关键词：未成年人保护，家庭暴力，心理创伤
据报道，《广东省实施〈中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法〉办法》7月28日提交省十三届人大常委会第二十二次会议审议。考虑到对目睹家庭暴力的未成年人的保护，该草案规定：目睹家庭暴力的未成年人是家庭暴力受害人。此外，草案还规定，学校、幼儿园应当区分不同年龄阶段，对学生、幼儿开展自我保护意识宣传教育，提高其自我保护能力。
如果说《未成年人保护法》《妇女儿童权益保护法》《婚姻法》《反家庭暴力法》为保护未成年人保护提供了良好、坚实的基础，如今广东省的地方立法则将为未成年人竖起更完善的法律保护屏障。
客观来说，这部公众瞩目的草案并非完美，立法位阶过低，效力范围过窄。但从国家立法到地方立法的不懈努力，既让我们感受到，反家庭暴力的法律藩篱变得越加细密，也让我们对保护未成年人权益有了更强的信心。
评论
草案将目睹家庭暴力的未成年人纳入法律保护范畴，体现了法治进步的科学合理，是依法保护未成年人的一大举措。虽然目睹家暴的未成年人只是家暴的间接受害者，表面上没有遭受实质性的伤害，但是长期目睹家暴带来的潜移默化的影响，不仅会给孩子的心灵造成创伤，甚至还会形成逆反的扭曲性格，随着年龄的增长滋生暴力倾向，最后对社会造成负面影响。因此，社会不应将目睹家暴的未成年人置于被忽视的角落，应对家暴问题给予重视，立法保护未成年人不受家庭暴力的非法伤害。
原文链接：
https://guancha.gmw.cn/2020-07/30/content_34043815.htm
撰稿：梁初楚
翻译：丁琦
编辑：兰嘉颖
“Domestic violence witness is also the victim”, Legislation set to Protect Children Needs to be Considered
Key words: Juvenile Protection, Domestic Violence, Psychological Trauma
It is reported that the Measures for the Implementation of the Law of the people’s Republic of China on Anti-domestic Violence in Guangdong Province was submitted to the 22nd session of the Standing Committee of the 13th Provincial People’s Congress for consideration on July 28th, 2020. Considering the protection of minors who witness domestic violence, the draft proposes that minors who witness domestic violence are victims of domestic violence. In addition, the draft stipulates that schools and kindergartens should carry out publicity and education on self-protection awareness of students and children for different ages, so as to improve their self-protection ability.
“Juvenile Protection Law”, “Law on the Protection of Women and Children”, “Marriage Law” and “Anti-domestic violence Law” can be understood as laying a good and practical foundation for the protection of minors. Now, the latest legislation of Guangdong Province will create a more complete legal protection barrier for minors.
Objectively speaking, this high-profile draft is not perfect. The legislative rank is too low and the scope of effect is too narrow. However, this is the embodiment of unremitting efforts from national legislation to local legislation. This makes the public feel that the legal barriers against domestic violence have become more and more detailed, and citizens have stronger confidence in protecting the rights and interests of minors.
Comment
The draft includes minors who witness domestic violence into the scope of legal protection. This step is a major measure to protect minors according to law and reflects the law’s scientific and reasonable progress. Admittedly, minors who witness domestic violence are not direct victims of domestic violence, and they do not suffer substantial physical injuries most of the time. Nevertheless, the subtle influence of witnessing domestic violence in the long term will not only cause psychological trauma to children but will also form rebellious characters. As they grow up, these psychologically injured children will develop a tendency towards violence, which ultimately leads to negative impacts to the society. Therefore, minors who witnessed domestic violence should not be ignored. Instead, special attention should be paid to the problem of domestic violence, and legislative actions to protect minors should be taken.
Reference(s):
https://guancha.gmw.cn/2020-07/30/content_34043815.htm
Writer：Chuchu Liang
Translator：Qi Ding
Editor：Jiaying Lan
上海颁布《未成年人司法社会工作服务规范》
关键词：未成年人保护，司法社会工作服务规范，青少年权益保护
今天（7月31日），由上海市青少年服务和权益保护办公室、上海市阳光青少年社区事务中心、上海市益扬青少年社会工作促进中心、上海市高级人民法院、上海市人民检察院、上海市公安局、上海市社会工作者协会参与起草《未成年人司法社会工作服务规范》（以下简称《规范》）正式发布，这是全国首个未成年人司法社会工作服务领域的省级地方标准，将从今年10月1日起实施。
《规范》将犯罪预防提前，在服务对象中增加了“有不良行为的未成年人、有严重不良行为的未成年人”，及时起到“悬崖勒马”的效果。无论是如何预防未成年人犯罪，还是调节未成年人心理，在这则《规范》中都一一罗列。据司法机关统计，近年来，上海年均批准逮捕涉罪未成年人200余人，未成年人智力发展、辨别能力和自控能力尚未成熟，提前干预的意义不辨自明。在《规范》中，首条服务原则便是以最有利于未成年人为先——“尊重未成年人人格尊严，给予未成年人特殊、优先保护，采取教育和保护相结合的方式开展适应未成年人身心发展规律和特点的服务。”对于未成年人的保护，只有根据青少年的需求“对症下药”，才能取得实际效果。
《规范》包含了针对触法未成年人分阶段、情景式、个性化的服务，联动司法保护和社会保护。此外，《规范》也涵盖对社会工作者的规范与约束。例如，以地方标准的权威确认社会工作者地位、增加社工的认可度，推动建立未成年人司法社会工作质量监控及评估体系，提升未成年人司法社会工作者专业性和服务品质，促进社会工作者参与司法保护社会工作的岗位细化改革等。
评论：
《未成年人司法社会工作服务规范》的发布旨在为未成人司法保护搭建更加完善的社会支持体系。由于未成年人的心智不够成熟，鉴别能力有限，因此将犯罪预防提前是有必要且有意义的举措。《规范》的制定整合了上海对未成年人司法保护的实际需求以及相关的政策和制度，也结合了未成年人司法社会工作的相关实践经验。《规范》的发布有助于规范和约束社会工作者，明确这类社工的身份和地位，进而提升未成年人司法社会工作者的专业性和服务品质，有利于推动未成年人保护，也可以让社会工作者有更多的获得感。
原文链接：
http://dzb.whb.cn/2020-07-31/2/detail-694107.html
撰稿：洪文轩
翻译：白欣悦
编辑：宗诺瑶
Shanghai Released the “Juvenile Judicial and Social Work Service Standards”
Key words: Juvenile delinquency, Judicial and social work service standards, protection of juvenile rights and interests
On July 31st, the “Juvenile Judicial and Social Work Service Standards” (hereinafter referred to as the “Standards”), jointly drafted by Shanghai Youth Service and Rights Protection Office, Shanghai Sunshine Youth Community Affairs Center, Shanghai Yiyang Youth Social Work Promotion Center, Shanghai High People’s Court, Shanghai People’s Procuratorate, Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau and Shanghai Social Workers Association, was officially released. This is the country’s first provincial standard in the field of juvenile justice and social work services and will be in effect on October 1st this year.
The “Standards” advances crime prevention and adds “minors with bad behaviors”, “minors with serious bad behaviors” into the service objects, so as to achieve the effect of “pulling them back from the brink” in a timely manner. The “Standards” sets out not only the juvenile crime prevention, but also the adjustment of juvenile psychological state. According to the statistics from judicial organs, in recent years, Shanghai approves the arrest of more than 200 minors involving in crimes on average every year. The intellectual development, discernment and self-control of minors are not yet mature, hence the significance of early intervention is self-evident. In the “Standards”, the first service principle is to give priority to the benefits of minors: “Respect the personal dignity of minors, give minors special and prioritized protection, and adopt a combination of educational and protective methods to provide services that adapt to the rules and characteristics of minors’ physical and mental development.” Regarding the protection of the minors, only by “suiting the remedy to the case” according to the needs of teenagers can practical results be achieved.
The “Standards” includes situational and personalized services for minors in violation of the law at different stages, linking judicial protection and social protection. Besides, the “Standards” also covers the norms for and restriction on social workers. For instance, it confirms the status of social workers with the authority of local standards and increases the recognition of social workers; it promotes the establishment of a quality monitoring and evaluation system for juvenile judicial and social work; it improves the professionalism and service quality of juvenile social workers, and promotes the participation of social workers in job refinement reform of judicial protection and social work.
Comment:
The promulgation of the “Juvenile Judicial and Social Work Service Standard” aims to build a better social support system for the judicial protection of minors. Because minors’ minds are not mature enough and their identification ability is limited, it is necessary and meaningful to advance crime prevention. The formulation of the “Standards” integrates Shanghai’s actual needs for juvenile judicial protection and relevant policies and systems, as well as relevant practical experience in juvenile judicial and social work. The promulgation of the “Standards” helps to standardize and restrict social workers, to clarify their identity and status, thus improving the professionalism and service quality of juvenile judicial and social workers, promoting the protection of minors, and also enabling social workers to have more sense of acquisition.
Reference:
http://dzb.whb.cn/2020-07-31/2/detail-694107.html
Writer: Wenxuan Hong
Translator: Xinyue Bai
Editor: Nuoyao Zong
湖南为超重青少年开设“营养+运动”综合减重门诊
关键词：超重青少年、医学减重指导、营养+运动
新华社长沙7月31日电（记者帅才）为了帮助一些有减重需求的青少年，湖南省人民医院开设“营养+运动”综合减重门诊，由专家为超重青少年开综合运动处方，并给予个性化的医学减重指导。
湖南省人民医院消化营养科减重门诊负责人蔡华介绍，很多学生在暑期生活不规律，过度食用碳酸饮料等高热量食物，加之缺乏运动，导致体重快速增加。减重门诊专家将采用“一对一”模式，测算学生的肌肉、脂肪、内脏肥胖等级、体重细化指标控制等数据，为其设定个性化的医学营养减重方案，对学生的减重过程进行定期监测，实行针对性管理。
蔡华建议，超重青少年减重不能追求一蹴而就，也不能单纯依靠节食。超重青少年健康减重要有正确的体重管理观念，应在确保生长发育所需营养的基础上科学瘦身，可以制定合适的运动计划，可以选择游泳、跳绳、健身操、呼啦圈等运动项
专家提醒，超重青少年在运动前要进行充分的热身活动，每天的运动时间在一小时以内为宜，不建议过度运动。
评论
根据调查显示，我国居民，不论是成年人还是青少年，肥胖率的增长速度远超于发达国家，这对我们来说是十分严峻的现实问题。因为肥胖会增加很多疾病的患病风险，对我国居民的健康非常不利。湖南为超重青少年开设“营养+运动”的综合减重门诊，根据每个人的不同情况采取“一对一”模式，制定不同的减重方案，此举措不仅能够缓解青少年因超重而表现出来的焦虑，有利于青少年的心理健康，同时也能避免青少年为减重而“盲目求医”，比如节食或者吃减肥药、减肥茶等等，从而对身体健康带来伤害。从长远来看，也能降低青少年在未来因过度肥胖而患病的风险。
原文链接：
http://www.hn.xinhuanet.com/2020-07/31/c_1126310525.htm
撰稿：黄以礼
翻译：段一鹏
编辑：孙佳慧
Hunan Opens “Nutrition + Exercise” Weight Loss Outpatient Service for Overweight Teenagers
Key words: Overweight Teenagers, Medical advice for weight loss, Diet and exercise
July 31th, Xinhua News Agency (Journalist: Shuai Cai). To help some teenagers having the need to lose weight, Hunan People’s Hospital opened “Nutrition + Exercise” weight loss outpatient service, where professionals prescribe exercise treatment and give personalized medical guidance on weight loss.
According to Cai Hua, director of the weight loss outpatient service in the Digestion and Nutrition Department of Hunan People’s Hospital, many students live unbalanced lives during summer holidays, and their excessive consumption of carbonated drinks and high-calorie food coupled with lack of exercise cause rapid increase in body weight. Professionals in weight loss outpatient unit will adopt a “one on one” mode of treatment, and measure a student’s muscle, fat and organ fat levels, as well as specific weight control indexes, among other data, sets personalized medical nutritional weight loss solutions. The doctors also monitor the student’s weight loss process timely for personalized management.
Cai Hua advises that weight loss cannot be achieved overnight or with strict diet alone. Teenagers need to have correct understanding about weight management, and make sure that they lose weight on the premise that essential nutrition for growth and development is provided. Teenagers can make suitable exercise plans such as swimming, rope skipping, aerobics, hula hoops and so on. They should also be reminded to do warm-up activities before exercise. It is best to exercise within an hour per day, and excessive exercise is not recommended.
Comment
According to surveys, China has experienced much greater increase in obesity rate than developed countries, which is a very serious problem. Obesity increases the risks of many diseases, and negatively affects one’s health. The “Nutrition + Exercise” weight loss outpatient treatment in Hunan adopts a “one on one” mode of personalized treatment, and tailors its treatment plans to everyone’s circumstances. The initiative not only soothes the anxiety of teenagers out of obesity and is conducive to their mental health, but also reduces the risk of teenagers blindly seeking alternative medical advice for weight loss, such as unhealthy diet, weight loss pills or weight loss, which could be harmful to their health. In the long run, the initiative also reduces the risks of teenagers falling ill as a result of obesity.
Reference(s):
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-07-2020-world-hepatitis-day-fast-tracking-the-elimination-of-hepatitis-b-among-mothers-and-children
Writer：Huang Yili
Translator：Duan Yipeng
Editor：Sun Jiahui
安徽淮南：铁路青年志愿者陪乡村留守儿童过暑假
关键词：青年志愿者，留守儿童，针对性课程，陪伴关爱
2020年7月31日上午，安徽省淮南市谢家集区孙庙乡柯湖小学“留守儿童之家”的20名当地留守儿童迎来了一群特殊的老师，他们是来自中国铁路上海局集团有限公司淮南西站的青年志愿者。此次活动主题为“快乐暑假、伴你成长”，旨在丰富孩子们的假期生活。
当地交通闭塞，村中很多孩子的父母去外地务工，全校183名学生，将近一半是留守儿童。前期，车站团委在全站范围内进行招募，根据个人学历、所学专业、亲和力等各方面考虑，安排授课老师。同时，根据孩子们的年龄、兴趣、爱好等特点，有针对性地设置课程。除了英语课、数学课、语文课、美术课这些常规课程外，还设置了铁路安全知识课、语言表达课、自然科学课和体能互动课等。
评论
国内留守儿童聚集的地方大多都是交通闭塞的农村，其所处的地区相对落后，很难给当地的学校配置相应的课程和教师，留守儿童获取好的教育就相对困难。关爱留守儿童的群体逐年增大，其他社会群体的空余时间相对于青年志愿者来说相对较少，青年志愿者的热心投入就显得尤为重要。且青年志愿者的活跃思维能够较好地根据孩子们的特点因材施教，对教案的修改完善能力较高，能很好地增长了孩子的知识和培养他们的兴趣。该活动效果良好，给各地关爱留守儿童的方案提供了思路。若能形成长效机制，必能精准帮助留守儿童。
原文链接：
http://news.cyol.com/situo/2020-08/01/content_18718833.htm
撰稿：陈可欣
翻译：冯力力
编辑：曹珈赫
Huainan, Anhui: Young Railway Volunteers Spend Their Summer Holidays with Left-behind Children in Rural Areas
Key words: Youth volunteers, Left-behind children, Targeted courses, Companionship and care
On the morning of July 31, 2020, twenty local left-behind children from Kehu Primary School in Sunmiao Township, Xijiaji District, Huainan City, Anhui Province, welcomed a special group of teachers. They were youth volunteers from the Huainan West Railway Station of China Railway Shanghai Bureau Group Co., LTD. The theme of this activity was “Happy summer vacation, accompanying you to grow up”, aiming to enrich children’s holiday life.
Local traffic is poor, and many children’s parents are working nonlocally. There were 183 students in the school, and nearly half of them are left-behind children. In the early phase of the volunteer program, the Youth League Committee of the station has recruited teachers throughout the station, giving considerations to their personal education background, major, affinity and other aspects. At the same time, targeted curriculums were set according to children’s age, interests, hobbies and other characteristics. In addition to English, Math, Chinese, Art and other regular courses, there were also railway safety knowledge classes, language classes, natural science classes and physical fitness interaction classes.
Comment：
Most of the places where left-behind children gather in China are rural areas with poor traffic condition, and the areas are relatively backward. Therefore, it is difficult to allocate corresponding curriculums and teachers to local schools, and it is relatively difficult for left-behind children to obtain good education. The number of people who care for left-behind children is increasing year by year. Compared with youth volunteers, other groups of people of the society have fewer free time. Hence, the enthusiastic investment of youth volunteers is particularly important. Moreover, the active thinking of the youth volunteers can help them teach students in accordance with their aptitude and revise the teaching plan better, which can well improve the children’s ability to learn and cultivate their interest. The activity has a good effect, and provides a good idea for other local programs to care for left-behind children. If it can form a long-term mechanism, it will help left-behind children precisely.
Reference:
http://news.cyol.com/situo/2020-08/01/content_18718833.htm
Writer: Kexin Chen
Translator: Lili Feng
Editor: Jiahe Cao
【聚焦热评】
安大略省计划重新设计儿童福利系统以预防为主
关键词：儿童福利系统，预防和早期干预
儿童和妇女问题副部长吉尔·邓洛普（Jill Dunlop）表示，新战略还将致力于解决黑人和土著家庭在儿童救助系统中人数过多的问题。 她说，与原生家庭环境相比，接受照料的儿童和青年人的结果更差，包括低毕业率，无家可归的风险增加以及司法系统的更多干涉。 邓洛普在新闻发布会上说：“儿童福利不应成为人们所惧怕的系统。” “任何人都不应该担心因为与儿童救助协会上交流而失去孩子。没有女人应该害怕去收容所而失去自己的孩子。”
该计划旨在加强社区服务，并强调照料应该在家庭环境中，而不是在合适的集体家庭中。邓洛普（Dunlop）表示，经过改造的系统将为无法留在家庭或社区中的儿童和青少年寻求更多永久性住房，包括更集中的收养程序。她说，该计划是在青年，家庭，原住民，社区组织和一线社工通过咨询协商和在线调查获得意见的基础上制定的。
但是，周三的公告并未包括新的资金投入或立法的变更，也没有为重新设计而设定时间表。邓洛普（Dunlop）表示，这一变化将是“重大”的，并且需要时间。批评人士说，尽管儿童福利制度确实需要改革，政府的公告并未提出这样做的真正计划。 “没有细节，没有真正的资源或金钱，没有时间表，也没有致力于改变有关儿童福利的法律的规定，当土著社区以及需要照顾的儿童和青少年迫切需要一项计划时，福特政府不会处理这些关键问题。”反对派新民主党在一份声明中说。
一些支持者建议，需要对青少年接受护理后的结果进行更多的研究，以了解他们需要什么样的干预和支持。“人们很容易得出寄养产生不良结果的结论;然而，如果不进行干预，青少年的情况可能会更糟，”非盈利的儿童福利政治行动委员会在一份声明中说。“相反，我们认为寄养没能让他们与那些没有经历过寄养的同龄人的生活水平持平。儿童保护部门必须通过成为以证据为基础和有抱负的机构来提高水平。我们相信，如果没有影响衡量，具有最佳意图的创新是无效的。”
该报告由加拿大出版社于2020年7月29日首次发表。
评论：
儿童福利制度对保护处境不利的青少年至关重要。对这个系统的重新设计需要考虑所有这些未解决的问题，并制定一个战略计划来推动它向前发展。它不应该成为竞选的口号或获得更多的投票的借口。我们应继续研究现有的寄养制度是否合适，并投入更多的资金，为儿童创造一个更好的环境。
撰稿：加拿大出版社职员
翻译：王赜涵
编辑：王赜涵
Ontario plans to redesign child welfare system focusing on prevention
Key Words: child welfare system , prevention and early intervention
Associate Minister of Children and Women’s Issues Jill Dunlop said the new strategy will also work to address the over-representation of Black and Indigenous families in the children’s aid system. She said children and youth in care suffer from worse outcomes than those in original family setting, including lower graduation rates, a higher risk of homelessness and more interference of the justice system. “Child welfare should not be the system that people fear” Dunlop said in a news conference. “No one should worry about losing their children because of having communication with children’s aid society. No woman should be afraid to go to a shelter for fear of losing her children.”
The aim of this plan is to bolster community services and emphasize care in the normal family setting rather than in the appropriate group family setting. Dunlop said the revamped system will seek more permanent homes for children and youth who can’t stay in their families or communities, including a more centralized adoption process. She said the plan was established on the basis of consultations and online surveys from youth, families, First Nations, community organizations and frontline workers.
Wednesday’s announcement, however, did not include new funding or legislative changes. It didn’t set a timeline for the redesign, either. Dunlop said the change would be rather “significant” so that it would take time. Critics said that while the child welfare system definitely needed to be reformed, the government’s announcement didn’t lay out a truly practical plan to do so. “Without details, real resources or money, even timelines or commitment to transform the laws that govern child welfare, the Ford government does not tackle with these critical issues when Indigenous communities and children and youth in care desperately need a plan,” members of the opposition New Democrats said in a statement.
Some advocates suggested more research was needed on outcomes for youth after care . Therefore, they could find out what is the kind of intervention and supports they need. “People may easily draw the conclusion that foster care leads to poor outcomes; however, it is possible that without intervention the condition of youth would be worse,” the not-for-profit Child Welfare Political Action Committee claimed in a statement. “In contrast, we believe that foster care has failed to level up those children’s life outcomes in comparison with peers who have not experienced foster care. The child protection sector must become evidence-based and aspirational to get improved. We believe that if the result of measurement is not be impacted, even innovations with the best intent are noneffective. “
This report by The Canadian Press was first published on July 29, 2020.
Comment
The Child Welfare system is vital for the protection of youth in disadvantaged circumstances. The redesign of this system needs to take all unsolved issues into consideration and make a strategic plan to move it forward. It should not merely be a slogan for campaign or the excuse for more votes. We should continue the research of whether the current foster system is appropriate. Furthermore, more funding should be put to develop a better environment for children.
Reference(s): https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-plans-to-redesign-child-welfare-system-to-focus-on-prevention-1.5044299
Writer：The Canadian Press Staff
Translator：Zehan Wang
Editor：Zehan Wang
参加夏令营不戴口罩 美国佐治亚州数百儿童感染
关键词：不戴口罩，聚集性疫情，儿童感染
美国全国广播公司报道，当地时间7月31日，美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)表示，上个月在佐治亚州的一个夏令营暴发聚集性疫情。该事件证明，儿童对新冠病毒易感，并且“在传播中发挥了重要作用”。
报道称，CDC表示，该夏令营共有597名参与者和工作人员。根据目前对58%的人员的检测结果，已至少有260人感染。
据了解，该夏令营未遵守疾控中心要求所有参与者佩戴口罩的建议，仅要求工作人员戴口罩。从6月17日到20日，营地对138名受训人员和120名工作人员举办了说明会，其中多数人年龄在21岁以下。
不过这个夏令营主办单位遵守了佐治亚州的行政命令，要求所有人必须在抵达前12天内做新冠病毒检测，并且出示阴性结果证明。
6月21日，夏令营正式开营，363名年龄在6岁至19岁的参与者入营，参加了各种室内和室外的活动，睡在最多可容纳26人的木屋中。6月23日，一名年轻工作人员在感冒后离开营地，次日接受新冠病毒检测，结果呈阳性。6月27日，参与者回家，夏令营关闭。
卫生当局自6月25日展开调查发现，344人中多达260人筛检结果为阳性，其中230多人年龄在17岁及以下，74%的感染者出现包括发烧、头痛以及喉咙痛等轻微症状，而其他确诊者皆没有症状。
CDC报告说：“这项结果显示，新型冠状病毒在年轻族群的同寝过夜环境中有效传染，导致所有年龄层的高侵袭率。”
报告还称，这项发现显示“所有年龄的儿童都容易感染新型冠状病毒，并且和先前报告相反的是，他们可能在传播疫情上扮演重要角色。”
评论
新型冠状病毒的肺炎感染疫情期间，儿童防护和成人防护基本一致，但儿童的抵抗力相对弱，因此需要更加注意。儿童防护的宗旨是保持、提高自身抵抗力水平。面对突如其来的疫情，儿童作为一个特殊的群体，抵抗力弱，容易受到病原体的侵袭，需要格外的呵护。疫情期间，儿童的身体健康保护工作不可忽视，家长除了做到对儿童正确及时的隔离防护，还应通过合理饮食、适度锻炼等方式增强儿童自身免疫力，提高对疾病的抵抗能力。
原文链接：
http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2020/08-01/9253827.shtml
撰稿：姜南
翻译：段一鹏
Camping without masks on, hundreds of children in Georgia, US were infected with COVID-19
Key words: Not wearing masks, Cluster transmission, Child infection
According to NBC, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed COVID-19 cluster transmission in a summer camp in Georgia on July 31st. This fact has proved that children are susceptible to contracting COVID-19, and they play an important role in the transmission of COVID-19.
CDC said the camp had 597 participants and staff members. Upon testing 58% of them, at least 260 people have tested positive for COVID-19.
The camp did not follow CDC’s advice that all participants should wear masks, and only required staff members to wear masks. Between June 17th to 20th, the host committee held an information session for 138 trainees and 120 staff members, most of whom were under the age of 21.
However, host committee of the camp did follow administrative order of the state of Georgia, and required that everyone test negative for COVID-19 within 12 days prior to their arrival to the camp, and submit test results.
June 21st, when the camp officially began, 363 participants between the ages of 6 to 19 arrived, participated in various indoor and outdoor activities, and slept in cabins which could hold a maximum of 26 people. June 23rd, a young staff member left camp site after getting a cold, and tested positive for COVID-19 the next day. June 27th, participants were sent home and the camp closed.
Officials began their investigation on June 25th, and found that 260 out of 344 people have tested positive for COVID-19. More than 230 of them are under 17 years old, and 74% of those infected show mild symptoms of fever, headache, sore throat and so on. Others infected show no symptoms.
A report by CDC concluded that the results show COVID-19 to be transmitting among young people sleeping in the same environment, which implies that all age groups are likely to contract COVID-19.
The report also found children of all ages to be susceptible to COVID-19. Contrary to the findings of earlier reports, children can play a significant role in transmitting COVID-19 as well.
Comment
Although children and adults take the same precautions during COVID-19 outbreak, children have relatively weaker immune systems and therefore they need to be treated more cautiously. Precaution for children should follow the principle of maintaining and enhancing children’s immunity. During the unexpected pandemic, children are an especially vulnerable group due to their low immunity. They can be easily attacked by coronavirus, therefore extra care for children is necessary. During COVID-19 pandemic, protecting children’s health is extremely important. In addition to putting children in home quarantine, parents should also help increase children’s immunity by paying attention to healthy, balanced diet and motivating them to exercise.
Reference(s):
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-07-2020-world-hepatitis-day-fast-tracking-the-elimination-of-hepatitis-b-among-mothers-and-children
Writer：Nan Jiang
Translator：Yipeng Duan
Editor：Jiaying Lan
全球有三分之一的儿童铅中毒
关键词：儿童、铅中毒、风险、措施
据2020年7月30日联合国儿童基金会报告，儿童经常成长过程中不经意地受到伤害，造成生命危险，吸入未经监管的废旧铅酸电池回收作业和露天冶炼厂的灰尘和烟尘，吃掉被铅污染的釉陶器和香料的食物，住在含铅涂料剥落的房屋中，玩含铅的玩具，喝被铅污染的水，甚至在含铅的电子垃圾场工作。这样的例子不胜枚举。
儿童时期接触铅会导致智商水平降低，产生行为问题，并在以后的生活中增加肾脏损害和心血管疾病的风险。
联合国儿童基金会和Pure Earth呼吁采取紧急行动，包括制定更严格的环境，健康和安全法规，以及对医疗服务进行投资，以监测，测试和治疗儿童的铅暴露。
评论
铅通过不受管制的铅酸电池回收操作、电子垃圾、陶器、香料、油漆、玩具和饮用水渗入儿童体内。建议目前使用铅管的国家更换对儿童健康无害的其他管道。此外，对低收入和中等收入国家的汽车电池回收进行管理，以解决非法和不安全的铅酸电池回收问题。父母要让孩子远离含铅的玩具和陶器。
原文链接：
https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6694674243336052736?ts=1596466631160&trk=article_share_wechat
撰稿：何凤蝶
翻译：何凤蝶
编辑：任书仪
1 in 3 children are poisoned by lead globally
Key words: Children, Lead poisoning, Risk, Measures
According to the UNICEF report of 30 July 2020, often unwittingly and with life-altering consequences, children are growing up in harm’s way, inhaling dust and fumes from unregulated used lead-acid battery recycling operations and open-air smelters, eating food contaminated by lead-glazed pottery and lead-infused spices, living in homes with peeling lead paint, playing with lead-covered toys, drinking lead contaminated water and even working in lead-laced electronic waste dumps. The list goes on.
Childhood lead exposure can lead to lower IQ levels, behavioral issues and increased risk of kidney damage and cardiovascular diseases in later life.
UNICEF and Pure Earth are calling for urgent action including stronger environmental, health and safety legislation, and investment in health services to monitor, test and treat children’s exposure to lead.
Comment
Lead is silently seeping into children’s bodies through unregulated lead-acid battery recycling operations, electronic waste dumps, pottery, spices, paint, toys and drinking water. It is recommended that countries that currently use lead pipes replace other pipes that are not harmful to children’s health. In addition, regulate the recycling of vehicle batteries in low- and middle-income countries to tackle the illegal and unsafe recycling of lead-acid batteries. Parents keep children away from toys and crockery that contain lead.
Reference(s): https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6694674243336052736?ts=1596466631160&trk=article_share_wechat
Writer：He Fengdie
Translator：He Fengdie
Editor：Shuyi Ren
超过1100儿童被贩卖到英国毒品交易场所
关键词：儿童拐卖 贩毒
英国公益组织Transform数据显示，2019年有1173名儿童被毒贩奴役。2019年1月至12月的数据显示，内政部估计的1853名被贩卖到非法毒品生意的人中，大多数是儿童。Transform将从英国内政部获得的统计数据在周四被发布，用以纪念英国打击人口买卖世界日。
Transform表示，从2018年开始，英国被贩卖从事毒品交易的儿童数量大幅增加，是一个日益严重的问题。它将这一增长归咎于英国全国对毒品业务的日益关注。
2018年，内政部的数据显示，721人是“郡线”贸易的受害者。去年，这一数字上升到1139人，其中包括1001名儿童。
这些数据来自英国内政部严重和有组织犯罪集团（SOCG）部门。他们的数据还显示，被迫非法从事大麻种植的儿童或未成年人人数从2018年的146人上升到去年的156人。
哈维·斯莱德（Harvey Slade）是毒品政策基金会（Transform Drug policy Foundation）的研究和政策官员，他说：“非法毒品交易为有组织犯罪集团提供了无与伦比的收入来源。
“目前的做法是派警察来逮捕并扣押毒品，但我们知道，经过50年的努力，这是行不通的。这些新的统计数据显示，有组织犯罪集团正在利用年轻人和弱势群体，以逃避执法部门的侦查，并使利润最大化。”
斯莱德说，在英国，越来越多的人，特别是儿童，被当作“毒奴”贩卖，这凸显了对毒品的替代方法的必要性。
“为了打击这种可怕的剥削行为，我们需要重新控制毒品市场，并对其进行法律监管。我们需要像处理合法供应链一样应对这一问题：提供报告和监测程序，并将易受伤害的儿童排除在贸易之外。
Transform认为，已经进行了半个多世纪的“禁毒战争”适得其反，只会使世界各地的有组织犯罪更加丰富。
评论
近年来，英国的禁毒方法为派警察逮捕毒贩并扣押毒品。然而，这样的方法出现了弊端。为了躲避政府监管，贩毒组织开始买入被拐卖的儿童及其他弱势群体进行贩毒，被买卖的人口数量巨大，其中儿童高达一千多人。在这个过程中，贩毒组织对这些儿童及弱势群体进行奴役和剥削，会对其身心造成极大伤害。为了避免这种情况，政府及相关部门应加强监管的同时选择正确的缉毒方式，对供应链提供检测和报告，减少此类事件的发生，切实保护儿童的安全。
原文链接：
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jul/30/over-1100-children-trafficked-into-uk-drug-trade-figures-show
撰稿：李笑然
翻译：任书仪
编辑：任书仪
More than 1,100 children trafficked to UK drug trade sites
Keywords: Child abduction, Drug trafficking
1,173 children were enslaved by drug traffickers in 2019, according to UK charity Transform. Figures from January to December 2019 show that most of the 1,853 people estimated by the Home Office to have been trafficked into the illegal drugs business were children. The statistics, which Transform will obtain from the Home Office, were released on Thursday to mark the UK’s crackdown on human trafficking World Day.
Transform said that the significant increase in the number of children being trafficked for the drug trade in the UK from 2018 is a growing problem. It attributed this increase to a growing national concern about the drugs business in the UK.
In 2018, Home Office figures show that 721 people were victims of the ‘county line’ trade. Last year, that number rose to 1,139, including 1,001 children.
The figures come from the UK Home Office’s Serious and Organised Crime Group (SOCG) unit. Their figures also show that the number of children or minors forced to work illegally in cannabis cultivation rose from 146 in 2018 to 156 last year.
Harvey Slade, a research and policy officer at the Transform Drug policy Foundation, said: “The illegal drug trade provides an unparalleled source of income for organised crime groups.
“Current practice is to send in the police to arrest and seize drugs, but we know that after 50 years of trying, that’s not working. These new statistics show that organised crime groups are taking advantage of young and vulnerable people to evade detection by law enforcement and maximise their profits.”
Slade said that the increasing number of people, especially children, being trafficked as “drug slaves” in the UK underlines the need for alternatives to drugs.
“To combat this terrible exploitation, we need to regain control of the drugs market and legally regulate it. We need to tackle this as we do the legal supply chain: provide reporting and monitoring procedures, and exclude vulnerable children from the trade.
Transform argues that the “war on drugs”, which has been waged for more than half a century, has been counterproductive and has only enriched organized crime around the world.
Comment
In recent years, Britain’s anti-drug approach has consisted of sending police officers to arrest drug dealers and seize drugs. However, there has been a downside to this approach. In order to evade government oversight, drug trafficking organizations have begun to buy and sell children and other vulnerable people, including up to a thousand children, into the drug trade. In the process, these children and other vulnerable groups are enslaved and exploited, causing great physical and psychological harm to them. In order to avoid such situations, Governments and relevant authorities should strengthen monitoring and choose the right drug interdiction methods and provide monitoring and reporting on the supply chain to reduce the occurrence of such incidents and ensure the safety of children.
Reference(s):
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jul/30/over-1100-children-trafficked-into-uk-drug-trade-figures-show
Writer：Xiaoran Li
Translator：Shuyi Ren
Editor：Shuyi Ren
【专题研究】
加强“公权力”对未成年人的监护
关键词：未成年人 家暴 公权力
摘要：本文对未成年遭受家暴进行分析，简述了家暴对未成年的影响。并借鉴其他国家利用公权力保护未成年的有效措施，结合国情，提出相关建议。
一、家暴的影响及问题
有位哲人曾说“幸福的人用童年治愈一生，不幸的人用一生治愈童年”。处在家暴阴影下的孩童，过早地经历家暴带给他们的伤痛，有些恶劣影响甚至可能伴随一生。
家暴践踏孩子的尊严，破坏家庭的和睦，影响社会的稳定。在传统观念的影响下，中国父母容易产生“孩子是自己私有物”的想法，秉持着“不打不成才”的理念，对孩子实行“棍棒式”教育。对未成年人的打骂在中国社会归之为“家务事”，是教育孩子的一种手段。若非未成年人遭遇到严重的虐待，一般的家暴行为难以引起周围人关注，相关部门也难以介入。
《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》对“家庭暴力”做出定义：“本法所称家庭暴力，是指家庭成员之间以殴打、捆绑、残害、限制人身自由以及经常性谩骂、恐吓等方式实施的身体、精神等侵害行为[1]。”随着社会的发展，人们受教育与认知水平提高，家暴的形式不再仅限于传统的几个种类，“目睹家暴”也被纳入家暴的范畴。2019年11月27日,《广东省实施〈中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法〉办法(草案)》提请会议审议中，第58条明确规定，目睹家庭暴力的未成年人是家庭暴力受害人[2]。家暴形式的多样化，增加了未成年人遭受家暴的风险。学者 SpringerK.W认为，随着年龄的增长，遭受过父母虐待的未成年人，将常年被抑郁、焦虑、愤怒等情绪及一系列生理不适症状所困扰。该论文自2007年被发表在国际防止虐待和忽视儿童协会官方期刊上以来，总计被引次数超过850次。此外，家庭暴力具有代际传播的特性，这些未成人极有可能在成年后对自己的配偶、下一代使用暴力。这是一个典型的恶性循环，不仅是对个体和家庭，对社会和国家亦是不可小觑的隐患。
父母作为未成年人的监护人本应承担起照顾生活、保护其合法权益的义务，而现在，许多施暴的家长却成为孩子噩梦的来源。根据我国2020年通过的《民法典》规定，只有在严重侵害被监护人或使被监护人处于危困状态[3]，人民法院根据个人或者组织的申请，才可撤销监护人的资格。最高法公布被撤销监护人资格典型案例中，福建省林某某（女）多次使用菜刀割伤年仅9岁的亲生儿子小龙（化名）的后背、双臂，用火钳鞭打小龙的双腿，并经常让小龙挨饿。虐待行为多次且严重，在经过村委会申请后，法院依法撤销林某某对小龙的监护人资格，指定梧店村民委员会作为小龙的监护人[4]。小龙遭受的属于非常直观的严重创伤，因此能被及时发现、介入、审判，但是有更多的孩子他们遭受的家暴隐蔽性强，难以被发觉或裁量，这也是撤销父母监护权看似强硬，却在实际判决中难度较高的原因。难道对未成年的保护只能依靠监护人吗？难道一般的家庭暴力就不值得关注了吗？答案一定是否定的。
二、国外措施借鉴
当今世界公权力介入到传统司法领域已成为一种趋势。我国在处理家庭暴力事件时，可以考虑借鉴其他国家行使公权力干预监护的做法。如，在日本《民法典》中规定了“父母控制制度”和“未成年监护权”两个系统，其监护制度属于私法的领域。但在2011年的民法修订中提出了“监护权丢失”系统[5]，政府通过家庭法院来限制父母的监护权。
美国通过专门的机构儿童福利局对未成年的监护进行干预，儿童福利局全程参与到未成人受虐待或忽视的案件中。儿童福利局拥有调查的权利，在接受民众的举报后，指派一位儿童保护专员24小时联系被举报的家庭，同时有60天时间与举报人联系来调查真实情况，在情节严重时可向法院起诉。[6]此外，美国在社区配备专业人士为处于困境的未成年人提供帮助和救济。
加大在防止家庭暴力上以预防为主，除了在《刑法》[7]上有明确规定以外，联合学校教学进程，从幼儿园开始向孩子灌输如何防止家庭暴力的理念[8]。这些国家在处理和应对家庭暴力时，不仅做到了有法可依，并且有针对性地设立相关管理部门落实各项法律法规，同时利用公民教育加强家庭暴力的预防性工作，积极利用公权力保障对未成年人的保护。
三、相关建议
“家暴儿童”因暴力行为的隐蔽性，主体身份的特殊性，施暴手段的多样性等原因而难以及时被发现和干预。为了有效制止“家暴儿童”的发生，进一步保障儿童合法权益，应当完善“预防、干预、救济”机制，综合形成三位一体的防治体系。
（1）预防上加强民众反家暴的意识
目前我国群众的观念依旧停留在“不打不成才”的状态，尤其是在欠发达的农村地区。由于父母文化水平的欠缺，缺少合理的管教方法，在极端情绪之下会采用较为极端的管教方式，如：殴打，辱骂等方式。加强民众的反家暴意识应当以政府作为主导，创新传播宣传机制与形式，加强政府与村委会的合作。定期派专业人士向群众宣传反家暴相关法律，引导社会群众改变传统观念，提高整个社会对未成年权利的认知，为未成年的成长创造法治环境。
（2）干预上形成联动机制
完善落实《反家庭暴力法》第14条所规定的强制报告义务制度。现有的强制报告义务主体上范围不全面，并未覆盖到全体人民。其次，未履行报告义务的责任机制不具体[9]；《反家庭暴力法》第35条规定“造成严重后果”是给予相关人员和机构处分的前提，阻碍了强制报告的实施效果，削弱了报告主体履行职责的积极性。
另一方面因为“家暴儿童”空间上具有隐秘性，使公安机关难发现、难干预。政府可以主动联合学校，医院，社区等有关机构，在发现儿童出现生理或心理健康问题时，及时联系公安或妇联进行有效的干预。
完善强制报告机制，培育国民主动报告干预意识；联合民众，政府，学校等有关单位多方面干预家暴。
（3）救济上完善司法救济机制
我国司法实践中贯彻“谁主张谁举证”原则，家暴案件中由受害人来举证。由于受到家暴儿童年龄较小，很多受到家暴的儿童不懂得如何维护自己的合法权益，亦没有能力来为自己申诉，更不可能让作为法定监护人的施暴者来举证。对此，可以放宽未成年在举证方面的门槛，将一部分举证责任转移到施暴者，扩大线索、证据的来源。
四、结语
2016年3月1日，中国正式实施《反家庭暴力法》，表明国家将致力于禁止任何形式的家庭暴力。据全国妇联信访统计数据显示，2017年妇联系统收到家暴投诉44071件，2018为39371件，2019家暴投诉为36002件[10]。由此可见，专项法律的颁布对于降低家暴的发生确有成效，但具体的实施力度上依旧存有可待完善的空间。孩子是祖国的明天与希望，我们迫切希望能够建立起一套完善的庇护机制，从制度层面维护其根本权益。同时，也希望全社会有更多人参与到反家庭暴力和未成年人保护的行动中来，共同守护他们的成长与发展。
撰稿：付钰浈
翻译：王艺琳
编辑：丁心睿
Strengthen the Guardianship of ‘Public Power’ over Children
Keywords: children, domestic violence, public power
Abstract: This article analyzes the domestic violence suffered by children and briefly describes the impact of domestic violence on them. We can learn from the effective measures of other countries to use public power to protect children and put forward relevant suggestions based on national conditions.
- The Impact and Problems of Domestic Violence
A philosopher once said that ‘lucky people use their childhood to heal their lives while unfortunate people use their lives to heal their childhood’. Children in the shadow of domestic violence experience the pain prematurely, and some of the bad effects may even last their lives.
Domestic violence tramples on children’s dignity, destroys family harmony, and affects their social stability. Under the influence of traditional concepts, Chinese parents are prone to the idea that ‘children are their own private property’, upholding the concept of ‘spare the rod and spoil the child’ and ‘stick-style’ education . Beating and scolding of children is classified as ‘family chores’ in Chinese society and is a method of educating children. If children are not severely abused, general domestic violence is difficult to attract the attention of people around, and it is difficult for relevant departments to intervene.
The Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People’s Republic of China defines ‘domestic violence’. ‘The domestic violence referred to in this law refers to the methods of beating, binding, mutilating, restricting personal freedom, and frequent abuse and intimidation among family members. The physical and mental violations carried out [“The People’s Republic of China Anti-Domestic Violence Law’[11]. ‘With the development of society, people’s education and awareness levels have improved, and the forms of domestic violence are no longer limited to the traditional types.’ ‘Witnessing domestic violence’ is also included in the category of domestic violence. On November 27, 2019, the Guangdong Province’s Measures for the Implementation of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) were submitted to the meeting for deliberation. Article 58 clearly stipulates that ‘children who witness domestic violence are victims of domestic violence’[12]. The diversification of forms of domestic violence increases the risk of children suffering from domestic violence. Scholar SpringerK.W believes that children who have been abused by their parents will be plagued by depression, anxiety, anger and other emotions and a series of physical symptoms as they grow older. This paper has been cited more than 850 times since it was published in the official journal of the International Association for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect in 2007. In addition, domestic violence has the characteristics of intergenerational transmission, and these children will be very likely to use violence against their future spouses and next generation. This is a typical vicious circle, not only for individuals and families, but also for society and the country as a hidden danger that cannot be underestimated.
Parents, as guardians of children, should have assumed the obligation to take care of their lives and protect their legal rights and interests. But now, many violent parents have become a source of nightmares for their children. According to the Civil Code passed in 2020, the people’s court can revoke the qualification of guardian only if it severely infringes the ward or puts the ward in a state of danger[13]. In a typical case of revoked guardian qualifications announced by the Supreme Court, Lin (female) in Fujian Province repeatedly used a kitchen knife to cut the back and arms of his 9-year-old son Xiaolong (pseudonym), and beat his legs with tongs. Xiaolong was often let hungry. This abuse was repeated and serious. After the village committee’s application, according to law, the court revoked Lin’s guardianship of Xiaolong and designated the Wudian Village Committee as Xiaolong’s guardian[14]. Xiaolong suffered a very intuitive and serious trauma, so he could be discovered, intervened, and tried in time, but there are more children who suffer from domestic violence that is concealed and difficult to be detected or judged. This is also why it seems compulsory to revoke parental custody , but with the higher difficulty in actual judgment. Can the protection of children only depend on guardians? Isn’t ordinary domestic violence worthy of attention? Those answers must be no.
- Reference from Foreign Measures
In today’s world, public power has become a trend in the traditional judicial field. When dealing with domestic violence incidents in our country, we can consider using other countries to exercise public power to intervene in guardianship. For example, in Japanese Civil Code, two systems, ‘parental control’ and ‘minor guardianship’ are stipulated and the guardianship system belongs to the field of private law. However, the ‘loss of guardianship’ system was proposed in the 2011 Civil Law Revision[15]. The government should use family courts to restrict parental guardianship.
The United States intervenes in the guardianship of children through a special agency, the Child Welfare Bureau, which participates in cases of abusing or neglecting children. After receiving reports from the public, the Child Welfare Bureau has the right to investigate. It assigns a child protection commissioner to contact the reported family 24 hours a day. At the same time, it has 60 days to contact the reporter to investigate the true situation, and to the court in serious cases Prosecute[16]. In addition, the United States has deployed professionals in the community to provide help and relief to children in distress.
Canada focuses on preventing domestic violence. In addition to the clear provisions in the Criminal Law[17], it also unites the school teaching process to instill in children the concept of how to prevent domestic violence from the time they are in the kindergarten[18]. When dealing with and responding to domestic violence, these countries not only have laws to follow, but also set up relevant activities and methods. The managing department implements various laws and regulations, at the same time, uses civic education to strengthen the preventive work of domestic violence, and actively uses public power to guarantee the protection of children.
- Suggestions
‘Domestic violence children’ is difficult to be detected and intervened in time due to the concealment of violent behavior, the particularity of the subject’s identity, and the diversity of violence methods. In order to effectively stop the occurrence of domestic violence and further protect the legitimate rights and interests of children, ‘prevention, intervention, and relief’ methods should be improved to form a trinity prevention system.
(1) Strengthen people’s awareness of anti-domestic violence in prevention
At present, the concept of the masses in our country is still stuck in the state of ‘spare the rod and spoil the child’, especially in the underdeveloped rural areas. Due to the lack of parental education and the lack of reasonable discipline methods, more extreme discipline methods, such as beatings or insults will be adopted under extreme emotions. To strengthen people’s awareness of anti-domestic violence, the government should take the lead, innovate communication mechanisms and forms, and strengthen cooperation between the government and village committees. Regularly send professionals to publicize anti-domestic violence laws to the masses, guide the masses of society to change traditional concepts, improve the society’s awareness of the rights of children, and create a legal environment for children’s growth.
(2) Form a linkage mechanism in intervention
Improve and implement the mandatory reporting obligation system stipulated in Article 14 of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law. The current mandatory reporting obligations are not comprehensive in scope and do not cover all people. Second, the responsibility mechanism for failure to perform the reporting obligation is not specific[19]. Article 35 of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law stipulates that ‘causing serious consequences’ is a prerequisite for punishing relevant personnel and institutions, which hinders the implementation effect of mandatory reporting and weakens the reporting entity’s performance The enthusiasm of responsibility.
On the other hand, because ‘domestic violence children’ are spatially secretive, it is difficult for public security organs to detect and intervene. The government can take the initiative to cooperate with schools, hospitals, communities and other relevant institutions to promptly contact the public security or the Women Federation for effective intervention when a child is found to have physical or mental health problems.
Improve the compulsory reporting mechanism and cultivate the citizens’ awareness of active reporting and intervention, unite the public, the government, schools and other relevant units to intervene in domestic violence.
(3) Improve judicial relief mechanism
Our country’s judicial practice implements the principle of ‘whoever advocates and presents evidence’. In domestic violence cases, the evidence is often provided by victims. Due to the younger age of children who are victims of domestic violence, they do not know how to protect their legal rights or appeal for themselves. We cannot count on the legal guardian of the abuser to provide evidence. In this regard, it is possible to relax the threshold for the proof of children, transfer part of the burden of proof to the perpetrator, and expand the sources of clues and evidence.
4.Conclusion
On March 1, 2016, China formally implemented the ‘Anti-Domestic Violence Law’, indicating that the country is committed to prohibiting any form of domestic violence. According to statistics of letters and visits from the China Women Federation, the Women Federation system received 44,071 domestic violence complaints in 2017, 39,371 complaints in 2018, and 36,002 complaints in 2019. It can be seen that the promulgation of special laws is indeed effective in reducing the incidence of domestic violence, but there is still room for improvement in the specific implementation intensity. Children are the future and hope of the country, and we are eager to establish a complete asylum mechanism to safeguard their fundamental rights and interests from the institutional level. At the same time, it is also hoped that more people in the whole society will participate in anti-domestic violence and minor protection actions to jointly guard their growth and development.
Writer: Yuzhen Fu
Translator: Yilin Wang
Editor: Xinrui Ding
“Global Snapshots on Child Law”项目由致诚公益律师团队发起，我们希望联合全球热爱公益事业、关注儿童保护的志愿者打造全球儿童保护最新、最及时、最真实的动态分享平台。
“Global Snapshots on Child Law” is initiated by Zhicheng Public Interest Law. We hope to unite global volunteers who are passionate about the cause of public interests and build the most updated, timely and genuine information sharing platform for child protection worldly.
筹备与内容审核：
石纯毓，戴允中，陈欣怡
技术支持：
陈强，陈惠昀，袁子淇，任书仪，庞静，袁倩华，朱宇飞，成颖杰，罗湘玥，刘芸含，赵雅雪，冯馨田，王小茉
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